This is the second of three chapters on diffusion MRI acquisition for tractography. This chapter covers image formation, which is largely independent of the creation of diffusion contrast (Chapter 6). The Stejskal-Tanner diffusion experiments in the 1960s were bulk NMR measurements of diffusion; the addition of spatial localization, i.e., imaging, would follow decades later. The excitation and rea

Many problems in computer vision can be formulated as geometric estimation problems, i.e. given a collection of measurements (e.g. point correspondences) we wish to fit a model (e.g. an essential matrix) that agrees with our observations. This necessitates some measure of how much an observation 'agrees' with a given model. A natural choice is to consider the smallest perturbation that makes the o

Analyzing microstructural properties projected along white matter pathways derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become increasingly popular in recent years. Along-streamline profiling based on diffusion MRI tractometry is a framework that maps summary measures of the diffusion data (e.g., fractional anisotropy) at multiple points along a given pathway, resulting in a so-call

Detta examensarbete utvecklar fram en skräddarsydd prototyp av en tillgänglig kommunal webbplats. Det innebär en kommunal webbplats som är anpassningsbar och lätt att navigera, speciellt för användare som tar hjälp av tillgänglighetsverktyg för att utforska webben. För att kunna ta fram denna prototyp, utvecklades först två prototyper som var nära besläktade. Dessa två prototyper jämfördes sedan This thesis project brings forth a tailored working prototype of an accessible municipal website. This means a municipal website that is adjustable and easy to navigate, especially for users in need of accessibility tools to browse the web. To create this prototype, we first created two separate prototypes that closely resembled each other. These two prototypes were then compared to each other and

Konfigurerbara system, såsom Tactels Android-baserade In-Flight Entertainment lösning, erbjuder stor flexibilitet men utgör samtidigt en utmaning för användartestning på grund av det oändliga antalet möjliga konfigurationer. För att säkerställa en bra användarupplevelse undersöker detta arbete möjligheten att använda Artificiell Intelligens, mer specifikt maskininlärning, för att förutspå användarConfigurable systems, such as Tactel’s Android-based In-Flight Entertainment solution, offer great flexibility but also present a challenge for usability testing due to the infinite number of possible configurations. To ensure a good user experience for each configuration, this study explores the possibility of using Artificial Intelligence, more specifically machine learning, to predict users’ ex

This master thesis focuses on redesigning the Competence profile within Grade AB’s product Grade Talent. The Competence profile is a competence management tool that enables managers, HR departments, and employees to track and overview em- ployee capabilities. Our work aimed to enhance usability through interface restruc- turing while implementing new functionality to visualize competence developme

With the rapid advancement of urban renewal and the shift toward sustainable development, the integration of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and industrial heritage preservation has become a key strategy in revitalizing post-industrial cities. Rather than viewing industrial heritage sites as obsolete, new approaches now emphasize their adaptive reuse within the framework of transit-accessible,

New York City's transportation infrastructure plays a critical role in shaping economic growth, housing accessibility, and community development. Challenges like congestion, inequitable transit access, and inefficient zoning regulations hinder sustainable urban growth as the city evolves. Last serving passengers in 1924, the LIRR Bay Ridge Branch remains one of New York City's few freigh

Across Europe, post-industrial cities are under increasing pressure to grow sustainably while repairing the spatial and ecological damage of past industrialization. Disused railway yards, brownfields, and fragmented urban voids offer potential for densification-but also pose deep challenges in connectivity, identity, and livability. This project explores how these in-between spaces can be reactiva

While an exit tax regime satisfies principles like fiscal sovereignty, fiscal territoriality, source and benefit as well as it can find justification in them at a national level, other conflicting issues arise. For instance, from the perspective of an individual, this can lead to double taxation when the Host State does not accept a step-up or deduction for the value on which taxes have already be

CERN operates complex underground facilities, with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) posing unique fire detection challenges due to ionising radiation, long tunnel spans, and variable ventilation. To address the limitations of aspirating smoke detectors in both current and future CERN facilities, Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) systems using radiation-resistant optical fibers are being exp

The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, introduced by Regulation (EU) 2023/956 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism (hereinafter ‘CBAM’), represents one of the major steps of the European Union (hereinafter ‘EU’) to combat carbon leakage. Since CBAM is currently in its transitional phase till December 31, 2025, the implicati

Recognizing the existential threat posed by climate change, the EU has pledged itself to ambitious GHG emissions targets. The adopted environmental measures such as the ETS, the ETD and domestic carbon taxes have been extensively criticised for their regressivity and resulting impact on less wealthy taxpayers. One aspect which is less often criticized, is that these measures impose significant mon

This thesis analyses the tax treatment of foreign investment funds in the Netherlands. Investment funds subject to a special tax scheme are entitled to the reimbursement of withholding tax on the dividends they receive. In order to qualify for the special tax scheme, investment funds have to meet two requirements. The analysis in this thesis is twofold. Both the compatibility of the special tax

This thesis investigates and reflect on the interplay between the EU’s Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD) and the OECD’s Pillar Two framework in neutralizing hybrid mismatch arrangements. The research goal is to determine the extent to which these regimes complement or overlap in mitigating hybrid mismatch outcomes. Final findings reveal that ATAD applies a direct, transaction-level approach, by

The rule of law is a cornerstone of modern constitutional democracies, not merely as a safeguard against tyranny and arbitrariness, but as a principle inherently connected to human rights, legal certainty, and democratic accountability. Within the European Union, recent years have witnessed growing tensions between the expansion of regulatory frameworks and the preservation of individual guarantee

This thesis examines the boundaries of Legal Professional Privilege (LPP), protected under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR), in tax law and the conflict between primary and secondary law through an analysis of recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decisions on the sixth amendment to the Directive on Administrative Cooperation (DAC6). The research establ

In tax law, taxpayer’s rights are founded on three distinct levels. The International level includes provisions found in multilateral or bilateral agreements as well as human rights instruments, such as the ECHR. The European level includes the fundamental freedoms provisions enshrined in the Treaty, the provisions set out in the EU Charter, and the general principles of EU law. At the nationa

Iran has gone through a very rapid urbanization in the last six decades. The fast pace of urbanization of the country calls for an integrated planning to move towards sustainable urban development and resilient and livable cities. Despite five decades of history in preparation of urban plans and two decades of history since the introduction of urban management in Iran, the urban policymaking, in pIran has gone through a very rapid urbanization in the last six decades. The fast pace of urbanization of the country calls for an integrated planning to move towards sustainable urban development and resilient and livable cities. Despite five decades of history in preparation of urban plans and two decades of history since the introduction of urban management in Iran, the urban policymaking, in p

This is the third of three chapters on diffusion MRI acquisition for tractography. Tractography is performed extensively in the in vivo adult brain, and sequences used for the in vivo adult brain have been covered in detail in Chapter 7. However, tractography is also performed in ex vivo human brain, in both the in vivo and ex vivo animal brain of various nonhuman species, in the human brain durin