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The gut microbiome contributes to immune regulation, intestinal barrier maintenance, colonisation resistance, and microbial metabolism. Dysbiosis, an imbalance of the gut microbiome, has been reported in several haematological malignancies, but it remains unclear which microbial patterns are reproducible across independent cohorts and if the taxonomic shifts are accompanied by functional, antimicr
Gene therapy using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is limited by off-target delivery, adverse immune responses, and insufficient tissue tropism. Engineering capsid variant able to bind defined receptor sites offers improved targeting, but the common approach of rational design requires both the identification of suitable binding hotspots on receptor structures, and reliable methods for genera
According to the EU policy documents ‘[s]aving lives of people in distress is a primary goal of EU action in relation to managing the EU external borders.’ The chosen means for achieving this objective is taking measures against human smuggling and human trafficking; these measures include the establishment of cooperation with countries of origin and transit so that migrants’ movement is prevented
The chapter analyses the obligation upon states to identify migrants as victims of harm falling within the scope of Article 4 ECHR and to extend protection and assistance to them as victims independently from any criminal proceedings and from any actual or potential participation by the victims in any criminal proceedings. More specifically, the questions under investigation are the following: Is
This chapter investigates how the challenging questions and tensions caused by migrants and their universalist claims for inclusion, have been approached and resolved in liberal democracies. By regarding the development of populism as a real and dangerous political phenomenon that has a significant traction, the chapter asks whether populism adds something new to this approach and resolution. More
This chapter responds to the following question: what substantive positive obligations did the Court formulate in Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz under Article 8 ECHR that can actually guide the future conduct of States? To frame it even more specifically, what is the content of these positive obligations? More precisely, this content is clarified through the lens of the standard of causation. Cau
The judgments of the European Court of Human Rights manifest a mixture of factual and legal causation, when the Court reasons whether omissions should be the basis for breach of positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights. However, considerations that can be generally framed as normative govern the reasoning, which implies domination of legal causation. Yet, the Court still
Immigration status as a ground of making distinctions that might be in violation of the right to non-discrimination, is conceptually underdeveloped. This gap is addressed by explaining how the European Court of Human Rights has chosen to use arguments shaped by factual and legal/normative elements to reason under Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. One such argument concerns the
This article assesses what is analytically at stake when individuals claim that their rights under the European Convention on Human Rights have been interfered with and the respondent State invokes compliance with positive human rights obligations as the aim pursued with the interference. These situations could be framed as manifesting a tension between negative and positive obligations. This is a
The end of what the GDR called “real existierender Sozialismus” in Europe at the beginning of the 1990s dramatically changed the geopolitical situation in Central and Eastern Europe. Five states ceased to exist, whereas 22 new states have been recognized, accompanied by a host of internationally unrecognized states. Nearly half a century of relative stability in Europe was replaced by volatility aThe end of what the GDR called “real existierender Sozialismus” in Europe at the beginning of the 1990s dramatically changed the geopolitical situation in Central and Eastern Europe. Five states ceased to exist, whereas 22 new states have been recognized, accompanied by a host of internationally unrecognized states. Nearly half a century of relative stability in Europe was replaced by volatility a
