The snowmelt at a point is estimated through a simplified energy budget. From the energy equation a degree-day method is derived. The rate of snowmelt isfound as a constant multiplied by the temperature excess over an equilibrium temperature which depends on solar radiation.The snowmelt events in Kiruna (3 years) and LuleH (4 years) are analysed utilizing energy balance computations and the degree

In most lakes the wind is the most important flow generating mechanism. In this paper the problem of wind generated circulation - directly wind induced currents and seiches - in small lakes is reviewed. Many field observations are presented and discussed. In the thermocline and the hypolimnion forced seiche currents are shown to dominate the directly induced wind currents. Different kind of non-co

Possible evaporation rates from a snow surface with respect to available energy and vapour pressure deficit in the air are discussed. In literature reported measurements and measurements carried out at the University of Luleå are analysed. It is found that for northern areas the total amount of evaporation during the whole snow covered season amounts only to 10–20 mm.Different formulas for estimat

Hardware implementing spiking neural networks (SNNs) has the potential to provide transformative gains in energy efficiency and throughput for energy-restricted machine-learning tasks. This is enabled by large arrays of memristive synapse devices that can be realized by various emerging memory technologies. But in practice, the performance of such hardware is limited by non-ideal features of the m

A method for including night-time refreezing of the top layer of a snowpack in the degree-day method for computing daily snowmelt rates is presented. It is found that during days of large diurnal temperature variations the daily melt is more determined by the day-time conditions than by the daily mean conditions. Applications are made to an open area and a forested area. The refreezing-degree-day

The snowmelt runoff process from small basins is discussed. A differentiation is made between overland flow in the snowpack and groundwater flow induced by infiltrating meltwater. The effect of variations of the snowmelt intensity on streamflow is studied. It is shown that the runoff is high from the first day of snowmelt runoff if the streamflow is caused by overland flow, and that there are pron

The Swedish publishing house Svensk läraretidnings förlag published the extensive book series Barnbiblioteket Saga (the Children’s Library Saga) between 1899 and 1970. In this article, the publisher’s less extensive book series Ungdomens bibliotek (the Library of Youth) is analysed as an example of the marketing techniques that the publishing house used to reach different target groups. The articl

In the ongoing debates about eukaryogenesis-the series of evolutionary events leading to the emergence of the eukaryotic cell from prokaryotic ancestors-members of the Asgard archaea play a key part as the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes 1. However, the nature and phylogenetic identity of the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes remain unresolved 2-4. Here we analyse dist

The hydraulics of meltwater percolation through a snowpack is analyzed in some detail. An implicit numerical model is used for determining the meltwater movement. The effect of freezing fronts of the free liquid water in the snowpack is evaluated. It is shown that even after a moderately cold night, it takes several hours of snowmelt before the snowpack again reaches its irreducible liquid content

Sedimentation and redistribution of fine sediments in three Swedish lakes of different character have been investigated using settling sediment traps. The bottom shear stress from wind generated waves are calculated and the extension of erodable bottom area is related to wind conditions. Wave induced erosion and deposition during and after cessation of storms in different parts of a lake are discu

Analytical solutions for runoff caused by a moving rain storm of time-varying rain intensity from a complex drainage basin are derived assuming constant concentration times for the different systems within the basin. It is found that the runoff caused by a peaked rain intensity distribution is higher than that from a uniform distribution of the same mean intensity. It is also shown that the storm