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This chapter explores Afghanistan's relationship with international law. Post-2001 statebuilding efforts in Afghanistan involved a strong commitment to reintegrating the Afghan state into the international legal system. However, a significant gap existed between formal commitments and on-the-ground realities. This chapter examines Afghanistan's relationship with international law by focusing on fo
It is a continued open question how there can be an azimuthal anisotropy of high particles quantified by a sizable in p+Pb collisions when, at the same time, the nuclear modification factor is consistent with unity. We address this puzzle within the framework of the jet quenching model \textsc{Jewel}. In the absence of reliable medium models for small collision systems we use the number of scat
In this paper, a new Monte Carlo Glauber model is developed for pA collisions. It uses the hadronic cross sections calculated within the KMR model as implemented in the SHRiMPS minimum bias module of the SHERPA event generator. These cross sections are obtained as functions of impact parameter and, therefore, are ready for use in a Glauber model without additional assumptions regarding their impac
The onset of jet quenching, i.e. the suppression of high transverse momentum particles and jets, is an important question in the context of understanding the onset of collective behaviour and small collision systems. We investigate a minimal scenario where a hard parton experiences a single soft re-scattering that leaves the kinematics unmodified, but the colour exchange leads to a loss of colour
Intelligence scholars have described the contemporary availability ofOpen-Source Intelligence (OSINT) and the entrance of civil society actorsinto the field of intelligence as a “democratization of intelligence”, therebyportraying a fundamentally positive and inclusive enterprise. Assessingthe implications of the recent explosion of OSINT groups and activists fortraditional state intelligence acto
Background We investigate whether, in Swedish national registers, social and psychiatric outcomes for six major psychiatric and substance disorders - drug use disorder (DUD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), major depression (MD), bipolar disorder (BD), anxiety disorder (AD), and schizophrenia (SZ) - reflect the primary genetic risk for each disorder and the level of genetic heterogeneity. Methods We u
The European Green Deal (EGD) aims for agriculture to contribute positively to climate change mitigation and nature preservation while meeting growing societal needs for food, energy, and biomaterials. Delivering comprehensive policy action efficiently requires decision-support tools to assess the outcomes of interventions across multiple, and potentially conflicting, goals. By means of agent-base
Background Access to adequate antenatal care (ANC) is crucial for improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Despite high national ANC coverage, Colombia still faces regional and socioeconomic disparities. This study aims to estimate geographical and intersectional inequalities in ANC coverage and evaluate the contribution of social determinants to these disparities. Methods We conducted a c
In cold regions, snow cover and seasonally frozen ground (SFG) exert a substantial influence on hydrological processes, yet their effects – especially at the scale of large basins – remain insufficiently understood due to limited observations and process-based analyses. To address this, we extended the widely used Grid Xinanjiang (GXAJ) hydrological model by developing two physically meaningful ye
Introduction Sweden, as many other high-income countries, has adopted guidelines to offer induction of labour at 41+0 gestational weeks to decrease the risk for perinatal death. As more than 20% of the pregnant population reach this gestational age, and along with other contributing factors, induction rates have increased up to 30% in many countries. Both women and care providers have raised the q
The chemical structures of dissolved organic compounds in natural waters, including the degree of aromaticity, affect their physical, chemical, and biological properties and ultimately the fate of carbon in aquatic systems and during water treatment. Herein, a new fluorescence-based aromaticity index named ARIX is shown to link the composition of aquatic dissolved organic matter to its aromaticity
Combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations are a popular approach to study reaction mechanisms of enzymes. However, recently, the reproducibility of such calculations has been questioned, comparing the results of two software: NWChem and Q-Chem. Here, we continue and extend this study by including three additional software─ComQum, ORCA, and AMBER─using the same test ca
Over the past 50 years, the number of tendon ruptures has been increasing. Ruptures may be traumatic, or as a response to long term tendinopathy including e.g. inflammation, altered structure and composition of the tendon. Tendons are primarily made up of water and load bearing collagen molecules that hierarchically assemble into fibrils, aggregate into fibres, that combine into fascicles and even
Research aimThis paper examines place brand communication in marginalised urban areascharacterised by low levels of attractiveness to residents, visitors and investment. Most previous research on marginalised places has focused on issues such as crime prevention and securitydevelopment, rather than on branding and attractiveness. The aim of this research is to explore the roleof place branding eff
Corpus linguistic studies have shown that lexicon varies according to linguistic register, and cognitive studies have demonstrated that lexical aspects play a significant role in determining the veracity of people’s accounts. Both lines of research underpin the present study, where the aim is to explore how overall lexical properties (lexical density and lexical diversity, and noun, verb, and adje
We conceptualize a globally integrated circular economy through the notion of global circular networks (GCN) and identify the key mechanisms of circular (de-)coupling. We develop a novel conceptual framework by integrating concepts from literatures on global production networks (GPN) and the circular economy (CE). The framework combines four essential dimensions of these couplings - actors, resour
Artiklen analyserer, hvordan danske efterretningstjenester kan opretholde offentlig tillid i en tid præget af hybride trusler, øgede beføjelser og faldende autoritetstro. Tillid er afgørende for demokratisk legitimitet, men hemmeligholdelse og skandaler udfordrer den. Behovet for begrundet tillid baseret på indsigt frem for blind tillid fremhæves som centralt, og to væsentlige pointer diskuteres:
