Sustainability and circularity metrics for EV batteries: Enabling circular economy strategy decision making and value communication
The increasing focus on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the context of electrification of transport sector has raised concerns about their high costs, resource and energy demands, environmental impact, and social supply chain risks. To address these challenges and maximize the value of LIBs throughout their lifecycle, circular economy (CE) strategies, such as reusing and repurposing, are being exp
