Stigande halter av växthusgaser i atmosfären har rubbat balansen i jordens klimatsystem vilket har medfört en snabbt stigande global medeltemperatur. Den globala uppvärmningen ligger nu på drygt 1,1 grader jämfört med förindustriell tid. Utöver högre temperaturer har detta lett till fler extrema väderhändelser, smältande isar och stigande havsnivåer. De ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala effektern

In this paper we report the linear and non-linear optical properties of metallic nano-clusters in α-Al 2O 3 fabricated by ion implantation (from 2 to 8×10 16 ions/cm 2). Thereafter, the samples were annealed at temperatures from 600 to 1100°C in oxidising, reducing atmospheres. Once spherical nano-particles were synthesized, the samples were further irradiated with Si +++ with different energies a

Metallic nano-particles embedded in transparent dielectrics are very important for new technological applications because of their unique optical properties. These properties depend strongly on the size and shape of the nano-particles. In order to achieve the synthesis of metallic nano-particles it has been used the technique of ion implantation. This is a very common technique because it allows

Nonlinear optical response of Au metallic nanoparticles, synthesized and embedded in sapphire by using ion implantation, as a function of their size and shape is studied. The size of the Au NPs was varied by controlling the annealing time of the gold-irradiated sapphire in a reducing atmosphere. Their shape was changed from approximately spherical to prolate by swift heavy-ion irradiation using Si

Natural apatite samples with different F/Cl content from a variety of geological locations (Durango, Mexico; Mud Tank, Australia; and Snarum, Norway) were irradiated with swift heavy ions to simulate fission tracks. The annealing kinetics of the resulting ion tracks was investigated using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) combined with ex situ annealing. The activation energies

Potassium titanyl phosphate crystals in both x-cut and z-cut were irradiated with 185 MeV Au ions. The morphology of the resulting ion tracks was investigated using small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SAXS measurements indicate the presence of cylindrical ion tracks with abrupt boundaries and a density contrast of 1 ± 0.5%

The annealing behaviour of swift heavy-ion tracks in apatite from different origins is studied as a function of their crystallographic orientation and the mineral composition. The tracks were generated by irradiating the apatite samples with 2.3 GeV Bi ions, which have a comparable rate of energy loss to fission tracks in this mineral. The track radius was investigated using synchrotron-based smal

Crystalline Ge and Si1−xGex alloys (x = 0.83, 0.77) of (100) orientation were implanted with 140 keV Ge− ions at fluences between 5 × 1015 to 3 × 1017 ions/cm2, and at temperatures between 23 °C and 200 °C. The energy deposition of the ions leads to the formation of porous structures consisting of columnar pores separated by narrow sidewalls. Their sizes were characterized with transmission electr

Heavy-ion irradiation of high-temperature superconducting thin films has long been known to generate damage tracks of amorphized material that are of close-to-ideal dimension to effectively contribute to pinning of magnetic flux lines and thereby enhance the in-field critical current. At the same time, though, the presence of these tracks reduces the superconducting volume fraction available to tr

In the process of shape transformation of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) embedded in dielectrics resulting from swift heavy-ion irradiation, key parameters such as the energy deposition threshold, the necessity of a molten track and the NP size have been identified for amorphous silicon dioxide. The extension of such parameters to other dielectrics is yet unclear. We present experimental evidence of t

The cylindrical nanoscale density variations resulting from the interaction of 185 MeV and 2.2 GeV Au ions with 1.0 μm thick amorphous SiNx:H and SiOx:H layers are determined using small angle x-ray scattering measurements. The resulting density profiles resembles an under-dense core surrounded by an over-dense shell with a smooth transition between the two regions, consistent with molecular-dynam

When a swift heavy ion (SHI) penetrates amorphous SiO2, a core/shell (C/S) ion track is formed, which consists of a lower-density core and a higher-density shell. According to the conventional inelastic thermal spike (iTS) model represented by a pair of coupled heat equations, the C/S tracks are believed to form via "vaporization" and melting of the SiO2 induced by SHI (V-M model). However, the mo

Ion tracks created in polycarbonate foils by irradiation with 2.2 GeV Au ions were characterized using a combination of small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The ion tracks were found to consist of a cylindrical damage core with a radius of ∼2.5 ± 0.2 nm and a relative density approximately 5% below that of the pristine polycarbona

This chapter gives an introduction to the European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) – a European Union (EU) policy tool introduced in 2009 with the purpose to set up and operate collaborative Research Infrastructures by granting them a legal personality and qualities of an international organization. The shared responsibility between the member states and the EU in the research and innova

We present a systematic study of the evolution of chemically etched ion tracks formed in thermally grown a-SiO2 after irradiation with 1.1 GeV and 185 MeV Au ions. The irradiated material was subsequently etched with 2.5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for different times yielding hollow conical shaped structures of various sizes. The characterisation of these structures was carried out by synchrotron-bas

BackgroundAs a result of several violent terrorist incidents, authorities in Sweden have shifted from previous approaches of being certain that it is safe for the ambulance service to enter the scene, to a one where “safe enough” is sufficient, potentially making it possible to save more lives. The aim was therefore to describe specialist ambulance nurses' perceptions of the new approach to assign

PURPOSE: To investigate factors related to omitted total body skin examination (TBSE) in skin cancer diagnostics while managing patients using teledermoscopy (TDS) in Swedish primary care.METHODS: 4,987 TDS referrals from primary care centers were analyzed to identify factors associated with failing to perform TBSE. Data collected included age, gender of patient and physician, and reason for a vis