The pharmacy market in many European countries is characterised by individually owned pharmacies that operate under tight government control regarding barriers to entry, scope of activities and profit margins. Many countries are, however, in the process of introducing pro-competitive policies, including possibilities to own several pharmacies and competition based on price. In Iceland and Norway,

Swedish healthcare, run by local governments at both the regional (county) and the municipal levels, has been under pressure during the last 15 years, following increased scrutiny of performance and demand for cost-containment. Health-care expenditures per capita and levels of resource inputs have grown, but more slowly than in other EU countries. At the same time, the number of elderly people has

Background: Swedish formulary committees are expected to influence prescribing practice by establishing and issuing drug lists and clinical practice guidelines, particularly now that financial responsibility for prescription drugs has been transferred from the national to the county council level. Objective: The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify the information sources and decision

Since the health care expenditure share of the GNP (gross national product) is a measure difficult to interpret, its use can yield erroneous results in comparing health care sector development in different countries. A complementary measure of health care resources is the size and structure of the health care labour force. Information from Sweden, Denmark, the United Kingdom and the USA shows that

Extending the possibilities for health-service consumers to choose among providers has been an important objective on the political agenda in Sweden and elsewhere. Little is known, however, about individual and group preferences concerning the demand for choices. It is often implicitly assumed that individuals can be treated as a group with similar values and demands, but is this true? To what ext

Vi möter våld i någon form dagligen, om inte som ”offer” eller ”förövare”, så när vi läser tidningen, tittar på tv eller går på bio. Med våld upprätthålls stater, grupphierarkier och individuella maktpositioner. Första upplagan av Våldets kön utkom 2015 men de utmaningar som våldet innebär för samhället har inte minskat sedan dess. I denna reviderade och utökade upplaga uppmärksammas ”nya” former

Software engineering research aims to help improve real-world practice. With the adoption of empirical software engineering research methods, the understanding of real-world needs and validation of solution proposals have evolved. However, the philosophical perspective on what constitutes theoretical knowledge and research contributions in software engineering is less discussed in the community. I

Many factors are involved in urban heat island development such as lack of urban green spaces, improper choice of building materials, air pollution, densification, and other human activities. The aim of this research was to quantify the effects of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on urban land surface temperature (LST) during a 25-year period (1993-2018) for the semiarid Shiraz City in southern

To provide a valid consent to – or refusal of – medical intervention, a patient must be legally capable to decide. This dissertation evaluates and compares when the assessment of mental abilities to refuse – or consent to – somatic medical intervention is required in England, Russia and Sweden, and what criteria must be applied to assess the ability to decide about somatic medical interventions in

OBJECTIVE: There is sparse evidence for the association of suitable food substitutions for red and processed meat on the risk of type 2 diabetes. We modeled the association between replacing red and processed meat with other protein sources and the risk of type 2 diabetes and estimated its population impact.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Inte