Aromatic non-natural amino acids, the outstanding feature of which was the presence of several arms, were synthesised and their properties investigated. The amino acids were synthesised following a standard procedure starting with a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons or a Heck reaction, which provided didehydroamino acids. Catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation produced the enantiopure amino acid precursors. The

The experience from electricity market reform in Sweden is reviewed and new approaches to promote improvements and investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy are discussed. On the first of January 1996 a new Swedish Electricity Act went into force, making it possible for consumers and retailers of electricity to choose between competing suppliers. Introducing competition fundamentally c

Professor Håkan Olsson, Lund has addressed the problems caused by patenting in the field of biotechnology. His article was triggered by patent protection acquired by the American company Myriad Genetics. According to HO, Myriad requires that analyses of blood to trace the occurrence of these genes should be carried out in the company’s American laboratories, at a significant cost. Profit is infrin

The paper shows how a synthetic gradient of a quadratic cost functioncan be used to monitor performance. The method requires a model of theclosed loop system. In the current paper this is obtained from therecommended tuning rule. The tuning rule requires a simple model of theprocess.The method is non-invasive, only closed loopdata from normal operation is used. By monitoring the gradient, informat

Observing that people who wish to engage in prosocial behavior are often presented with more than one means to the same end, we develop a theory in which agents may contribute to a single public good through a range of different activities. Our aim with this extension is twofold. First, we deliver positive results. Noting that effort on one activity has been argued to crowd out ("moral licensing")

[abstract missing]

This book is the result of a conference, "Gender and Development - New Theories and Discourses: Theorizing Gender Continuity and Change in the Interface between Local Societies and Global Economic Transformation, held in 1993 with of thirty feminist researchers active in Swedish Universities. This book explores gendered relations of power and their consequences: inequalities. Starting with the mat

Popular Abstract in Swedish Att mäta det icke observerbara: Vilka chefer väljs till toppositioner? Rekrytering och urval av chefer präglas till stor del av informationsosäkerhet. Det är svårt att utvärdera chefers prestationer, då deras ansvarsområde består av så många aspekter, då de behöver stor frihet i sitt arbete och därför inte kan kontrolleras alltför mycket och då deras arbete påverkas avRecruitment and selection of managers is to a large degree characterized by information uncertainty. Managers’ performance is difficult to evaluate, as their responsibility consists of so many different aspects, as they may not always be observed due to need for freedom of action and as their work is affected by factors in their environment, which are outside of their control. Also, selection deci

This paper describes a novel tool for eliciting user requirements early in the design process of mobile applications. The “Mobile Oracle”, as we have called it, is intended to help developers and designers obtain a better understanding of what the user wants at different points in space and time. It is an extension of a lo-fi version of the well-established Wizard of Oz technique, but it also adds