We have found the deposition technology at which the interface roughness of Nb/Si multilayer is strongly correlated and decreases with deposited layer number. On the basis of our Nb/Si multilayer we succeeded to prepare ten-fold stacked Josephson junction (JJ). Basic electric properties of stacked JJ are presented.

The exact three-dimensional structure of a nanosized colloidal particle of Pd3P was determined directly from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images that were recorded in several crystallographic directions. An HRTEM image recorded along [011] is shown on the right. The cores of the particles were excluded from the analysis because of severe multiple diffraction.

This timely book addresses the political under-representation of women and over-representation of men, both in the UK and internationally. It does so by bringing together perspectives from political science and sociolinguistics to analyse the relationship between gender and language in a variety of political spheres. Specifically, it investigates how both women and men use language and interact ac

The strain distribution in InP quantum dots, coherently grown on a GaInP substrate, was determined by image analysis of high-resolution electron microscopy images. Image simulations were used to verify the obtained results. The measured strain values were compared with values obtained from finite element calculations, using the dot shape determined by electron microscopy. The measured and calculat

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, T. thioparus, Acidianus brierleyi and TH2 Lund, an archaeal isolate, were tested for sulphur oxidising capacity on ground rubber from spent car tyres. T. ferrooxidans converted 8% (w/w) of the sulphur in cryo-ground spent rubber to sulphate in 20 days. Desulphurization of fresh made natural rubber was studied with scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive x-ray

Tubular carbon nitride (CNx, x=0.01–0.32) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by d.c. magnetron sputtering. These tubes were grown in a highly packed form perpendicularly on a sodium chloride substrate. Their number density is estimated to be ∼1×104 per μm2 and is constant over macroscopic regions. Sub-nanometer scale chemical mapping shows that the nitrogen to carbon atomic ratio is rathe

Ekmanite is a member of the 2:1 type modulated layer silicates such as ganophyllite and bannisterite. Its chemical composition can be represented by K(M20)[Si32O76](OH)16 (M = Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) where three of eight Si-tetrahedra are inverted across the interlayer sharing an apical oxygen with similarly inverted tetrahedra from the adjacent layers. The arrangement of the regular, D, and inverted, R

Cerium dioxide, CeO2, is a chemically stable oxygen-ion-conducting material, which has been extensively used as an additive or support in oxidation catalysts. The fact that catalytic behaviour is often surface structure sensitive and/or edge atom dependent suggests that different surfaces might be discernible in associated redox processes. Thus, it is desirable to realise CeO2 films with a well-de

The structure of the η′ phase, one of the most important age-hardening precipitates in commercial Al-Zn-Mg alloys, has been studied at the atomic level by means of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). A structural model of the η′ phase has been constructed on the basis of the structural characteristics in the observed images and the structure of the η-MgZn2 phase. Image simulation of this m

The aim of this paper is to consider approaches to understanding and evaluating accountability in education from the perspective of concerns with gender equality in education. This task has a number of facets and complexities, because ‘gender’ is not one simple set of relationships, and the notion of gender equality in education can be read in a number of different ways. Thus developing adequate c

Eu2+-doped ZnS nanoparticles with an average size of around 3 nm were prepared, and an emission band around 530 nm was observed. By heating in air at 150 degrees C, this emission decreased, while the typical sharp line emission of Eu3+ increased. This suggests that the emission around 530 nm is from intraion transition of Eu2+: In bulk ZnS:Eu2+, no intraion transition of Eu2+ was observed because

Ge and Si semiconductor nanoparticles encapsulated in oxide layers were prepared by the inert gas condensation method. High-resolution electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry showed the formation of the core-shell structures with a size below 10 nm. The optical absorption spectra of Ge showed the band edges at higher energy compared to the ordinary Ge element. Photoluminescenc

The modulated structure of Ag2SnO3, disilver tin trioxide, was investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction along four different directions. Electron diffraction showed an incommensurate one-dimensional modulated structure with a modulation wavevector of 1/6.4a*. High-resolution images showed a large number of superstructure domains with the size range 10-100 nm and

The imaging process of the atomic force microscope (AFM) in contact, noncontact, and intermittent contact mode is still debated after more than a decade of widespread use, in particular when imaged features are approaching atomic dimensions. Several models for the interaction between the tip and the surface have been suggested, but, generally they all need an exact description of the geometry of e

Amorphous carbon filaments were synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of propene over Pd3P colloids. The channel close to the center of the filaments usually contained particles, which were analyzed by analytical electron microscopy to be palladium. The palladium particles could be found anywhere along the filament. The carbon filaments were of two types and of different diameters, about 8-15 nm and

The photoluminescence of Mn2+ in ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles with an average size of 4.5 nm has been measured under hydrostatic pressure from 0 to 6 GPa. The emission position is red-shifted at a rate of -33.3+/-0.6meV/GPa, which is in good agreement with the calculated value of -30.4meV/GPa using the crystal field theory. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.The photoluminescence of Mn2+ in ZnS : Mn2+ nanoparticles with an average size of 4.5 nm has been measured under hydrostatic pressure from 0 to 6 GPa. The emission position is red-shifted at a rate of −33.3±0.6 meV/GPa, which is in good agreement with the calculated value of −30.4 meV/GPa using the crystal field theory.

Coating Ti-based implants with bioactive materials promotes joining between the prostheses and the bone as well as increasing long-term implant stability. In the present work, the interface between Ti-6Al-4V and bioactive silicate glass coatings, prepared using a simple enameling technique, is analyzed. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the glass/alloy interface shows the formati

The Mn2+ emission wavelengths are at 591, 588, 581 and 570 nm, respectively, for the similar to 10, similar to4.5, similar to3.5 nm sized nanoparticles and the ZnS:Mn nanoparticles formed in an ultrastable zeolite-Y. To reveal the cause for the shift, the crystal field and phonon coupling were investigated. The results show that the predominant factor for the shift is the phonon coupling, whose st

A method for the simulation of electron diffraction patterns from partially ordered semiconductor compounds with CuPt-type ordering is proposed. The simulation procedure is based on the generation of two-dimensional model structures containing different types of imperfections. The defects are randomly dispersed in the structure and they are characterized by statistical parameters (density, average