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Finland has a long history of constructing civil defence shelters and considering defence from a comprehensive, whole-of-society approach. Due to that long history, the requirements for civil defence construction have varied throughout the decades although the main purpose of the civil defence shelter system has remained the same: protecting the population from the effects of armed conflicts. The

Valence is a fundamental yet ambiguously defined concept in chemistry, playing a central role in the description of molecular structure, bonding, and reactivity. This thesis examines the quantum mechanical Veryazov valence formula (referred to as the original formula), which determines atomic valence based on density matrix analysis. The aim of this work is to assess the robustness of this valence

Säkrare golvlack med smarta val av kemikalier Tänk er golvalcker som tål vin, rengöringsmedel och slitage. Genom att kartlägga hur man bygger upp lacken på rätt sätt kan man förstå hur man gör dessa miljövänliga lacker både hållbara och säkra att använda. Golvlacker behöver vara tåliga för att överleva vardagens slitage. Tradionellt har man använt isocyanater för att skapa ett starkt nätverk av pMultifunctional carbodiimides (CDIs) present a safer, non-toxic alternative to conventional isocyanate crosslinkers in waterborne floor coatings. However, the inconsistent performance of CDI-crosslinked coatings has hindered the widespread adoption. This study investigates the key factors governing crosslinking efficiency to improve reliability of CDI-based systems. It was determined that crossli

Inside the human body, cells produce long sugar chains called glycosaminoglycans, or named shortly as GAGs, these sugars play an important role in our body since they are involved in important biological processes such as blood coagulation, being components in our cartilage, and the new development of tissues. Changes in these sugars is associated with several diseases such as in some kinds of can

Based on a previously published thiazole-containing glycomimetic, that works as an inhibitor to human galectin-1 novel compounds where synthesized to serve as binders to the same protein. Functionalization was achieved through electrophilic substitution on the thiazole ring using a range of different electrophiles. Characterization via NMR spectroscopy revealed a reactantbased regioselectivity bet

Syftet med detta projekt var att redogöra för vad integrerad kromatografi (unified chromatography, UC) innebär, sammanställa aktuella tillämpningar samt identifiera begränsningar och utvecklingsbehov för en bredare användning. En systematisk litteraturundersökning genomfördes och tolv artiklar från 2015–2025 som antingen använde termen ‘unified chromatography’ eller beskrev hur mängden tillsatt löIntroduction: UC on SFC systems enables single-run separations across wide polarity ranges and offers selectivity that complements LC/GC. Background: The literature is small, and terminology varies. Main challenges are consistent with recent studies: keeping the CO2 ® modifier mobile phase single phase, managing viscosity/pressure at high percentage modifier, minimizing extra-column and strong dil

Syfte & mål: Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur Peter Senges teori om den lärande organisationen (de fem disciplinerna) kan tillämpas för att effektivisera implementeringen av en ny digital plattform i byggbranschen. Problemställning: Vilka styrkor och svagheter finns för Senges fem discipliner vid implementeringen av ACC inom Skanska? Hur kan Skanska säkerställa en effektiv imple

BACKGROUND: Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) clinically mimics and often co-occurs with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expert consensus criteria have been proposed for the LATE clinical diagnosis, integrating clinical and radiological features, and AD biomarkers. Here, we applied the newly proposed criteria in a tertiary memory clinic population. METHOD: We included participa

The Unified Glare Rating (UGR) method defined by the International Commission on Illumination is practically the only one used for evaluation of discomfort glare in the lighting design process. However, it is unclear if this method aligns with subjective discomfort glare measures using subjective glare indexes (SGIs). We compared calculated UGR values with commonly used subjective discomfort glare

An analytical model to describe the time-domain reflectance Raman signal in a two-layer diffusive medium was developed. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparison with the results of Monte Carlo simulations.

Single-cell technologies have transformed our understanding of cellular heterogeneity through multimodal data acquisition. However, robust cell alignment remains a major challenge for data integration and harmonization, including batch correction, label transfer, and multi-omics integration. Many existing methods constrain alignment based on rigid feature-wise distance metrics, limiting their abil

Aims Academic journals are essential for advancing knowledge, yet gender disparities in orthopaedic authorship persist. While most previous studies focus authorship trends on mainly North American journals, this study analyzes gender distribution among primary and senior authors, along with the geographical origins of articles, in three orthopaedic journals based in Europe and North America. Metho

Background: Agroecology integrates ecological agricultural production with community self-reliance, deeply rooted in indigenous knowledge. This study investigates how and why women in Zimbabwe contribute to seed preservation in agroecology, and what challenges they face in sustaining traditional seed systems. Using a qualitative approach combining focus group discussions, semi-structured interview

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in biofluids are heterogeneous in origin, surface protein expression, and biomolecular cargo. Isolation of specific EV subpopulations may enable studies of biomarkers originating from specific cell phenotypes and disease states. Acoustic trapping is a rapid, automatable EV isolation technique requiring minimal sample preprocessing; however, it lacks the specificity nee

Electric power is the foundation of modern society, yet Europe is currently facing an energy crisis, increasing interest in power generation, energy infrastructure, and grid resilience. However, power plant data are complex and multidimensional, making it difficult to gain an overview or understanding. Visualization methods can help to reduce cognitive load and facilitate exploration of such data.

Background: Early-life growth adversity is important to later-life health, but precision assessment in adulthood is challenging. We evaluated whether the difference between attained and genotype-predicted adult height (“height-GaP”) would associate with prospectively ascertained early-life growth adversity and later-life all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Methods: Data were first analyzed fro