En av mekanismerna som ökar välståndet i ett samhälle är att avtal kommer till stånd mellan rationella nyttomaximerande aktörer. När avtal sluts ökar parternas välstånd och välståndet i samhället då avtalsobjektet efter avtalet ägs av den part som värdesätter den högst. En sådan transaktion frigör kvasiränta vilket kvantifierar ökningen av välståndet i samhället. Transaktioner kan dock förhindras One of the mechanisms that increase wealth in a society is that agreements are reached between rational utility-maximizing actors. When an agreement is entered into by the parties, the wealth of the parties and the society increase, since the contract object after the agreement is owned by the party that values it most. Such a transaction frees quasi-interest, which quantifies the increase of weal

Vid tiden för riksdagen 1809-1810 befann sig riket Sverige i kaos. Landets kung hade blivit avsatt samtidigt som de var i krig med både Ryssland och Frankrike. Samtidigt började nya idéer och tankar om reformer cirkulera i samhället. Bondeståndet reflekterade avundsamt kring adel- och prästeståndens privilegier som gav dessa skattelättnader, medan bönderna själva i stort sett saknade möjligheter tThe situation in Sweden was chaotic when the Swedish parliament assembled in 1809-1810. They were at war with Russia and France and had no king to lead them to neither victory nor peace. At the same time new ideas formed and thoughts of reformation circulated among the people. The peasantry contemplated their unprivileged state compared to the nobility and the clergy. They had to pay more taxes an

I Försäkringskassans regleringsbrev för budgetåret 2016 infördes två mål; dels skulle myndigheten verka för att minska sjukpenningtalet till 9 dagar, dels skulle antalet nybeviljade sjukpenningar inte ska överstiga 18 000 i genomsnitt per år. Uppsatsen avser att undersöka dels om Försäkringskassan i sitt beslutsfattande får ta hänsyn till regleringsbrevets volymmål, dels om regeringen överskridit In the regulatory letter for 2016 the Swedish Social Insurance Agency was given two goals; the agency had to work to reduce the sickness benefit rate to 9 days and the number of newly granted sickness benefits should not exceed 18,000 on average per year. The thesis intends to investigate whether the Agency may take these volume targets into account in its decision-making and if the government by

Hur mycket som än skrivs om de svenska häxprocesserna verkar vi aldrig tröttna på att höra om dem, försöka förstå dem eller förfasas över dem. Denna uppsats behandlar en av de få, relativt outforskade, delarna i de svenska häxprocessernas historia: de processer som utspelade sig på Åland mellan åren 1666–1668. Processerna har till viss del fallit mellan forskningens stolar, då Åland inte längre tiNo matter how much is written about the Swedish witch trials we never seem to get tired of hearing of them, trying to understand them and be horrified by them. This essay explores one of few, relatively unknown parts of the Swedish witch trials: the trials that took place on the Åland Islands between the years 1666-1668. Not as much attention has been paid to these trials, probably because the Åla

This paper explores the impacts of EU’s retaliatory tariffs towards the U.S. on prices, quantities, and welfare. Over the course of 2018, the Trump Administration imposed tariffs on EU steel and iron, to which the EU implemented counter measures of increased tariffs on U.S. imports to the Union. Using standard economic methods, this paper finds that the tariffs were almost completely passed throug

A variety of demand side management (DSM) methods are needed to ensure electric grid reliability and to integrate increasing shares of renewable energy sources into electricity networks. To investigate whether communal laundry rooms in Stockholm represent a good candidate for employing DSM to reduce the severity of electricity load peaks, tenants are surveyed on their willingness to temporarily lo

Brown seaweed or macro-algae are multicellular plant-like organisms that inhabit various shores surrounding West-America and Northern Europe. Seaweed deliver highly important ecosystem services and provide habitats and shelter for other species, serving as a food source and take part in the nutrient recycling of Silica, Phosphorus and Nitrogen on land and in the sea. Seaweed has been harvested for

Experimental project focusing on material awareness. Leftover sediment from an old mine was processed in order to obtain pure clay particles. With a primitive approach and material the goal was to make a symbolic object that would make people reflect on how human exploitation of materials are causing extensive environmental problems in the world. The results, together with this essay, are cla

Consumer manufacturing brands are touting circular business models as the solution to current linear economy production systems that are overburdening the Earth’s ecological carrying capacity. Using secondary materials in manufacturing can reduce the waste generation and embedded environmental impacts associated with consuming manufactured goods. Companies such as Karo Sambhav seek to connect manu

Asbestos mining and production manufacturing infringes on the right to live free from toxic pollution. Though as this right is not yet formally codified, this thesis will make a case for its recognition and concurrently push for a global ban of this fibrous set of naturally occurring minerals that are extremely hazardous to the human body. Highlighting the grave harms of asbestos as a benchmark th

Den stora betydelsen med en fungerande kontroll i antikroppsforskning Kandidater till en ny kontrollantikropp hittades efter många analyser men vad är poängen med en kontrollantikropp? Jo, den ska kunna skilja på bra och dåliga antikroppar, och de bra antikropparna ska i slutändan användas till att behandla cancerpatienter. En antikropp är ett protein som hjälper till i kroppens immunförsvar motThe use of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment is on the rise demanding therapeutic antibodies to novel targets. To properly analyze these therapeutic candidates, state-of-the-art control antibodies are important to minimize false-negative and false-positive signals. The current negative control antibody at BioInvent International displays increased background signals, resulting in more stri

För att kunna utföra simuleringar och beräkningar på gummikomponenter behövs matematiska modeller som beskriver responsen för gummi vid olika typer av belastningar. Dessa modeller innehåller materialkonstanter, och dessa tas fram med hjälp av experimentella tester. I dagsläget görs alltid en hårdhetstest på gummi för att klassificera hur hårt (eller mjukt) ett gummi är. Detta utförs genom att trToday rubber can be found in many different applications, such as vibration dampers, tyres, clothes and gaskets. Two different types of rubbers are used today, namely the natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Natural rubber is made of a milky substance called latex, which is obtained from special trees found in tropical countries. Synthetic rubber is also made from latex, but the latex is obtained

Home - emotions, places and bodies. A phenomenological perspective on the experiences of clandenstine asylum seekers is an ethnological essay that wishes to narrate clandestine asylum seekers experiences of living in Sweden. The essay is based on interviews with people that either have the experience of being a clandestine asylum seeker or still are in that situation. It is a phenomenological essa

Complement inhibitors in cancer - supporting the enemy Cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. In 2018 alone, 9.6 million deaths were due to cancer. Cancer cells themselves and the sites they colonize play an important role in cancer growth, progression and response to treatment. There are many factors that exist in body areas affected by cancer including components of the immune

Amelogenin is a major constituent of enamel matrix protein that is responsible for the development of tooth enamel. Due to its self-assembly and physicochemical properties, amelogenin has been widely used as one of the natural biomaterials. Amelogenin, along with the other enamel matrix proteins have been known for its regenerative properties. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the enginee

Despite the increasing level and number of techniques deployed to generate more robust, better-producing microbial cell factories for production of chemicals, the number of products that reach commercial feasibility is still very low. Many hurdles come along the way as it has been observed that strains designed in the laboratory do not perform as expected in industrial-scale bioreactors. For insta

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a disease that threatens 8% of the population in Sweden. It is a problem without a scientifically proven reason, but with a solution. From many different treatments such as medication and psychotherapy, light treatment is the most easily available solution that can be used against SAD. The current market for SAD lamps is bland and uninteresting. Through a pe

Gender inequality in sports is a serious issue that needs to be defeated. The imbalance between the genders occurs in everything from media publicity to salaries, access to facilities and branding. Fortunately, football among women is getting more popular day by day, which has created a need for football shoes designed for women. However, still today, football brands rely on a “pink it and shr

Cities of the world face complex challenges related to environmental resources. The good cultivation soil as today’s global resource becoming a scarce commodity. The demand for locally produced food is increasing, therefore growing food and crops in and near cities is and the connection between country and city is becoming increasingly important. The project site is located in the fringe area of t