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A divider-less all digital phase locked loop (ADPLL) with a high frequency resolution is implemented. All blocks excluding digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) and time to digital converter (TDC) are realized in standard digital design which consumes less power. The DCO core adopts an improved source-varactor LC resonant tank to achieve a 20KHz frequency resolution. With the help of an additional
This paper presents comparisons of utilizing direct oil cooling approaches and conventional indirect cooling approaches for electrical motors which are mounted in HEVs or ZEVs. Both finite volume Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model by FLUENT and finite element electromagnetic model by JMAG are applied to make the simulation accurate and comprehensive. Average temperature over the stator back,
A numerical implementation of a rigorous theory to analyze scattering by randomly located obstacles is presented. In general, the obstacles can be of quite arbitrary shape, but, in this first implementation, the obstacles are dielectric spheres. The coherent part of the reflected and transmitted intensity at normal incidence is treated. Excellent agreement with numerical results found in the liter
Compression ignited engines generally have higher efficiency than spark ignition engines. However, the most common combustion concept in compression ignited engines, conventional diesel combustion, struggles with high levels of particulate matter and NOx emissions. Therefore, new combustion strategies are used in compression ignited engines to reduce engine-out particulate matter and NOx emissions
Working conditions and regulations encourage everyone to participate actively in shaping the surrounding environment in order to increase the social durability. End-users’ participation during the construction process will contribute to building better products that fulfil their needs and requirements. Meanwhile the real estate administrators will achieve a long term economic success if all renter
