Table of Contents I. Skinner’s Arguments and Their Merits 117 II. The First Baseline: The Legalistic Approach Behind the UN Draft Norms 122 III. The Second Baseline: The Polycentric Approach Behind the UN Guiding Principles 128 IV. The Third Baseline: The Two-Track, Multi-Channel Legalization Perspective 136 A. The Context of the Third Legalization Baseline 137 B. A BHR Legalization Perspective

The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), the EU bodyresponsible for advising EU institutions on fundamental rights, is equipped with a Fundamental Rights Platform (FRP) to ensure an on-going and structuredexchange of information and feedback between the FRA and Civil Society. Whenthe FRA was founded in 2007, there was little pre-existing knowledge on how todesign such a Platform; he

Institutions that allow for the accumulation of capital were as crucial to economic growth throughout history as they are today. But whereas historians often focus on the precursors of modern banking institutions, little is known of any alternatives that may have served similar purposes prior to their rise. This study focuses on the institutional framework of markets for 'renten', a type of long-t

The cost of retirement has a strong impact on social processes, both today and in the past. This study concerns the cost of retirement to St. Hiëronymusdal, a retirement home that was established outside the town of Leiden in the first half of the sixteenth century. Here individuals could purchase lifelong accommodation and care. If they had enough money to spend, they could opt for relatively lux

This paper provides an analysis of 67 corrody contracts from 1476-1538. By purchasing such a contract, the elderly acquired lifelong lodging and care in an institution - in this case the hospital of Sint-Pieter in Amsterdam. Most customers paid in kind, by handing over real estate and financial instruments to the hospital, or promising to do manual labour. Customers spent the equivalent of 250-400

Mortgage markets in developing economies, both past and present, are often confined to social networks between private individuals. The inadequate registration of ownership of and encumbrances on borrowers' real estate has been offered as a reason for this, but it is questionable whether such registration provides either a simple or a complete explanation. This paper analyses mortgage markets betw

Rural law courts are sometimes believed to have contributed to juridical fragmentation, which led to coordination failures and, hence, to high transaction costs. We present a case study of the village law court of Mijnsheerenland, and pay particular attention to the question of whether non-residents expected villagers to have a 'home court' advantage. Our analysis of default risk premiums demanded

How, in historical societies, did people finalise transactions? Over the past few decades many economic and social historians have concerned themselves with this question, following the examples set by Douglass North and Craig Muldrew. Surprisingly, they have almost completely disregarded the most straightforward solution that historical societies had to offer, namely by using coins and currencies