Om och i så fall på vilket sätt domarna är konstitutionella aktörer har varit föremål för omfattande debatter. Debatten rörande huruvida domarna kunde utöva konstitutionell kontroll över lagstiftningen övergick på 1960-talet till en debatt om närmare bestämt hur domarna skulle utöva denna kontroll. Det är en debatt som inte är avslutad; diskussionen om hur domarna ska hantera olika typer av konsti

As problems associated with shortage in resource supply arise, wastewater treatment plants turn to innovation to transform themselves into resource recovery facilities. Water groups worldwide recognize that wastewater treatment plants are no longer disposal facilities but rather sources of clean water, energy and nutrients.One of the most important resources that can be recovered from wastewater t

Background:rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 is being investigated for prevention of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely preterm infants.Methods:A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using data from phase I/II (Sections A-C) trials of rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 and additional studies in preterm infants to predict optimal dosing to establish/maintain serum IGF-1 within physiological intrauterine levels. In S

Objective: Most studies suggest that poor cognitive functioning in adolescence increases risk of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). We seek to clarify the causes of this association. Method: In Swedish individuals born from 1972 to 1990 in whom cognitive functioning was assessed by school achievement at age 16 years (males and females, N = 1,796,048) and by IQ at ages 18–20 (males, N = 554,644), we exa

BACKGROUND: The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study,

BACKGROUND: An adequate amount of prepaid resources for health is important to ensure access to health services and for the pursuit of universal health coverage. Previous studies on global health financing have described the relationship between economic development and health financing. In this study, we further explore global health financing trends and examine how the sources of funds used, typ

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Psychological symptoms can be associated with celiac disease; abstract however, this association has not been studied prospectively in a pediatric cohort. We examined mother report of psychological functioning in children persistently positive for tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA), defined as celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA), compared with children without C

P-wave morphology correlates with the risk for a trial fibrillation (AF). Left atrial (LA) enlargement could explain both the higher risk for AF and higher P-wave terminal force (PTF) in ECG lead V1. However, PTF-V1 has been shown to correlate poorly with LA size. We hypothesize that LA hypertrophy, i.e. a thickening of the myocardial wall, also contributes to increased PTF-V1 and is part of the r

A short peripheral intravenous catheter or cannula (PIVC) is frequently used to deliver chemotherapy in oncology practice. Although safe and easy to insert, PIVCs do fail, leading to personal discomfort for patients and adding substantially to treatment costs. As the procedure of peripheral catheterization is invasive, there is a need for greater consistency in the choice, insertion and management

Honeybees face many parasites and pathogens and consequently rely on a diverse set of individual and group-level defenses to prevent disease. The crop microbiota of Apis mellifera, composed of 13 Lactic Acid Bacterial (LAB) species within the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, form a beneficial symbiotic relationship with each other and the honeybee to protect their niche and their host. Po

Taxation is a key activity of any state and a constant point of political struggle. The structure of taxation is continuously changing and evolving, and its size has grown dramatically during the last two hundred years. Many of the cross-national patterns we observe today are the result of centuries old conflicts and challenges, hence we need to take history into account if we want to understand c

Background: Coronary artery remodelling and vasospasm is a complication of acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. The underlying mechanisms are complex, but the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 is suggested to have an important role. This study aimed to determine whether the expression of endothelin-1 and its receptors are regulated in the myocardium and in coronary arteries after experime

Levodopa treatment is the major pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease. However, almost all patients receiving levodopa eventually develop debilitating involuntary movements (dyskinesia). Although it is known that striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) are involved in the genesis of this movement disorder, the molecular basis of dyskinesia is not understood. In this study, we identify distinct

Aims: The aim of this report is to provide a standard educational structure for nurses and allied professionals (NAP) specialising in interventional cardiology. The curriculum can also be used as a basis for training on a certificate-based level in interventional cardiology. Methods and results: The curriculum was developed by a panel of experts from various allied health professions. The syllabus

By the late 1960s, the largest Scandinavian film companies had all closed their sound stages and markedly lowered their annual ambitions with regard to production. This may be seen as a response to several different phenomena. First, television, a medium that was introduced in the region from the mid-1950s on, meant that films lost their habitual audience. Second, the introduction of film support

L -DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) represents one of the major limitations in the current pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) and affects the majority of PD patients. Animal models are the most important preclinical tool for molecular investigations of LID mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Over the last two decades, models of LID have been developed in both nonhuman primate and rodent spec