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A non-affine electro-viscoelastic microsphere model for dielectric elastomers: Application to VHB 4910 based actuators

Dielectric elastomers belong to a larger group of materials, the so-called electroactive polymers, which have the capability of transforming electric energy to mechanical energy through deformation. VHB 4910 is one of the most popularmaterials for applications of dielectric elastomers and therefore one of the most investigated. This paper includes a new micromechanically motivated constitutive mod

Towards control of viscous effects in acrylic-based actuator applications

Dielectric elastomers offer clear advantages over more traditional and conventional materials when soft, lightweight, noiseless actuator applications with large deformations are considered. However, the viscous time-dependent behaviour associated with most elastomers limit the number of possible applications. For this purpose, the possibility of controlling the viscous response by regulating the a

Military Rivalries, Alliances and Taxation : The International Origins of Modern Fiscal Contracts

Bellicist theories of comparative development predict increases in taxation as the result of military rivalries. Others claim that this causal relationship is contingent on particular geographical, institutional, and historical conditions. In this paper, we explore the conditional effects of military rivalries on taxation during the 19th and 20th centuries using time-series cross-section models. W