Mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in childhood cancer Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells start to divide uncontrollably, until they start to invade other tissues. Neuroblastoma is the third most common early childhood cancer. It develops in the sympathetic nervous system, and it is most often found in the adrenal gland. High-risk neuroblastoma is challenging to treat and has poor pr

Att framställa färger via olinjär optik Genom att studera ljus, i synnerhet dess interaktioner med materia, har mängder av framsteg gjorts inom teknik och vår förståelse för universums lagar. Lasern var en revolutionerande teknik när den kom 1960, och den möjliggör idag forskning inom extremt korta tidsskalor med hög intensitet. Ultrakorta laserpulser, som endast är några femtosekunder (10^−15 s)In recent years, the Multi-Pass Cell (MPC) has been increasingly employed and researched upon, after emerging as a promising post-compression technique for making ultrafast laser pulses shorter. Like most post-compression techniques, MPCs utilize a nonlinear effect, Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), which stems from the intensity-dependence of the refractive index of certain nonlinear materials, to ove

MORC2 (Microorchidia CW type Zinc Finger protein 2) is a GHKL (gyrase, heat shock protein 90, histidine kinase, MutL) ATPase involved in chromatin remodeling and is highly conserved in eukaryotes. Mutations in the ATPase domain of MORC2 are known to cause neurodevelopmental disorders. MORC2 is recruited by the HUSH complex to target long, intronless transcription units such as LINE-1 retrotranspos

Cancer immunotherapy employs the patients' own immune system to eradicate the tumor. The success of immunotherapies largely depends on an immune cell population, called T cells. T cells have the capacity to differentiate between healthy and malignant cells based on mutations that are displayed on the surface of cancer cells. After recognition of the tumor cell, T cells induce killing. However,

Kan spridning av bröstcancerceller förutspås? Bröstcancer är i dag världens vanligaste cancerform bland kvinnor. För att kunna fastställa en prognos som ger en bild över överlevnadsmöjligheten utförs flertalet undersökningar. Dels undersöks armhålan genom en ifrågasatt operation för att se om cancern spridits till armhålans lymfkörtlar. Frågan som ställs här är om det finns egenskaper hos bröstcaToday, breast cancer is the most common malignant disease among females worldwide. To predict the prognosis for outcome of the breast cancer, a number of prognostic factors are used such as the axillary lymph node status which is one of several factors to be evaluated when staging the disease. The axilla is routinely staged during sentinel lymph node biopsy excising a couple of lymph nodes to eval

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a versatile and biocompatible polysaccharide produced by bacteria, with Komagataeibacter xylinus being the model species for its production. This polymer has unique properties that make it valuable in several applications, including as a rheology modifier in cosmetics. Cellugy, a Danish start-up, produces EcoFLEXY, a BC-based rheology modifier that enhances the viscosit

Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming an increasing social and economic burden worldwide. A subset of neurodegenerative diseases, called tauopathies, accumulate abnormally aggregated tau (a microtubule-binding protein) as one of their main pathological hallmarks. The role of microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, in tau pathology, has been increasingly discussed in the past y

LINE1s are a subfamily of retrotransposons occupying around 17-21% of our genome. Most of these have lost their ability to transpose on their own, due to truncation of 5’UTR or the accumulation of mutations. Despite this, they can act as cis-regulatory elements and affect gene expression. One RNA modification has been proposed to regulate their expression is called N6-methyladenosine (m6A). It is

Can we fool the molecular time? Cells in our body contain all the information needed for their structure and function, stored in the genetic material, the DNA. Like volumes of an encyclopedia, DNA is organized into chromosomes. Every time the cells divide, all chromosomes are copied, and each new cell gets one copy. But the copying mechanism is not perfect; the end parts of each chromosome -calle

Den förrädiska antikroppen Streptokocker är en lömsk bakterie som har många olika sätt att ta sig runt vårt immunförsvar. Den kan låtsas vara en del av vår kropp genom att klä sig själv i en proteinkapsel som är väldigt likt ett mänskligt protein, bryta ned våra celler med hjälp av utsöndrade gifter och använda vårt immunförsvar mot oss genom att binda antikroppar till sig själv. En virulensfaktoThe Group A streptococcus (GAS) (Streptococcus pyogenes) is a significant human pathogen known for causing a diverse range of diseases, spanning from mild diseases such as pharyngitis to life-threatening diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis. Its virulence comes from a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms, but the M protein with its hypervariable region and ability to bind human proteins, stands

Stroke is a highly debilitating disease of the central nervous system occurring as a result of cerebral ischemia – deprivation of a cerebral tissue from blood that supplies it with oxygen and glucose, causing the cells in affected tissue to die, bringing about a large number of downstream effects and responses. Localized infarction in the brain also triggers tissue death and related responses in r

Asymmetric catalysis plays a crucial role in chemistry. It enables the efficient and selective production of chiral molecules, essential in e.g. the pharmaceutical industry. This research explores the development of a dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene ligand. This ligand has previously shown great potential in asymmetric synthesis where the corresponding rhodium(I)-complex gives excellent enantiosele

Urbanization has led to significant infrastructural challenges, particularly in the slum areas of the Global South. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are emerging as innovative approaches to enhance urban sustainability and resilience. This study investigates the enabling environment for decentralized governance in implementing NbS within urban slums, focusing on case studies in Indonesia and the Phili

Desertification has become an increasing concern in the Sahelian landscape. Initiatives, such as the Great Green Wall (GGW) and Action Against Desertification (AAD) are aimed at reversing the effects of desertification. Using the AAD geographical regions as a reference, the rate of greening was analysed using high resolution Sentinel-2 satellite image data (10m) and compared to Moderate Resolution

En grundvattenundersökning i ett område präglat av vattenrelaterade problem. Staden Cochabamba i Bolivia står inför flera vattenrelaterade utmaningar såsom brist på ytvatten, en ökande vattenanvändning, urbanisering och en sjunkande grundvattennivå. Samtidigt råder det en brist på kunskap angående de processer som påverkar grundvattnet i området. Något som detta examensarbete ämnar att förändra. The Central Valley of Cochabamba is located in the Andes mountain range, Bolivia. This region experiences several water related challenges such as a scarcity of surface water, an increasing water demand, a growing urbanization in groundwater recharge areas, and a declining water table due to intensive groundwater extraction. The valley has been influenced by both alluvial and fluvial depositions t

Denna uppsats undersöker diskursen kring terrorism i USA före och efter händelserna den 11 september 2001 genom en detaljerad analys av årsrapporter till presidenten och kongressen från försvarsministern under perioden 2000-2002. Med hjälp av en teoretisk ram baserad på Piet Hein van Kempens Four Concepts of Security - A Human Rights Perspective, som består utav 4 begrepp: internationell säkerhet,

Byggsektorn står för en stor del av Sveriges klimatutsläpp och har som mål att till 2045 bli klimatneutral. För att klara detta mål krävs bland annat förändringar i materialanvändning, till exempel kan materialet betong i flera fall bytas ut mot KL-trä. KL-trä används idag som stommaterial och monteras ofta utan väderskydd med resultatet att vatten i form av nederbörd hamnar i springor och spalterTo reach Sweden's climate goals changes in the use of materials are required. Concrete can in several cases be replaced with Cross-Laminated Timber, or CLT, as framework material. Today CLT is often installed without weather protection, with the result of water ending up in cracks and joints that are difficult to cover. Based on today’s knowledge there is great uncertainty about what condition

Many modern city centres are struggling with the aftermath of car-centric and consumption-driven urban planning from the last century. This approach has led to widespread vacancies, a lack of green spaces, and unattractive public areas, that fail to offer diverse functions. While many cities have pedestrian-friendly zones, these areas are often dominated by retail spaces that cater primarily to co