HIV infection affects the course of tuberculosis (TB), and HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) synergize in disease progression through complex immunological interplay. To gain further understanding of these mechanisms, we compared the microRNA (miRNA) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) expression patterns in whole blood of individuals with active TB, with and without HIV coinfection (HIV+/TB+

We highlight important assumptions associated with the research program in sustainability science developed around “corporate biosphere stewardship” and the promise of “science-business initiatives.” In doing so, we interrogate a central concept in this research, “keystone actors.” We analyze the program based on associated research outputs and communications, focusing on three key challenges 1) i

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a virulent strain causing severe gastrointestinal infection, hemolytic uremic syndrome and death. To date there are no specific therapies to reduce progression of disease. Here we investigated the effect of pooled immunoglobulins (IgG) on the course of disease in a mouse model of intragastric E. coli O157:H7 inoculation. Intraperitoneal administrat

An increasing number of extremely premature infants survive the neonatal period and beyond. Little is known about the maturation of the preterm infant’s metabolome and its relation to the development of morbidities. Using 1H-NMR, we investigated the serum metabolic profile of 87 infants born at a gestational age (GA)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate and compare the morphological and biochemical characteristics of the hippocampus and the spatial memory of young adult ApoE–/– mice on a standard chow diet, a low-fat diet (LFD), a high-fat diet (HFD), and an HFD supplemented with lingonberries. Methods: Eight-week-old ApoE–/– males were divided into five groups fed standard chow (Control), an LFD (LF), a

Just like other complex biological features, image vision (multi-pixel light sensing) did not evolve suddenly. Animal visual systems have a long prehistory of non-imaging light sensitivity. The first spatial vision was likely very crude with only few pixels, and evolved to improve orientation behaviors previously supported by single-channel directional photoreception. The origin of image vision wa

In most of the industrial world the fractions of older people continuously increase (OECD, 2011). The upcoming demographic change is described as a threat to societal service. Many societies have to motivate people to work until an older age to increase the number of working hours in the economy (Eurostat, 2010). Factors important to whether older workers extend their working life are complex, mul

Abstract/Introduction:In most of the industrialized world, the proportion of older and retired people in the population is increasing.The active working part of the population must in a short future fund the not working and ageing population.There is research going on in Scandinavia to obtain knowledge about older workers’ work and life situationin association with their planning and decision to r

While the definition of extended conceptions of democracy has been widely discussed, the measurement of these constructs has not attracted similar attention. In this article we present new measures of polyarchy, liberal democracy, deliberative democracy, egalitarian democracy, and participatory democracy that cover most polities in the period 1900 to 2013. These indices are based on data from a la

The authors argue that the concept of quality of government should be best understood as that of having impartial government institutions. This definition avoids functionalism, ignores the contents of specific policies in favor of the procedures for how they are implemented, and pertain to the output side of the political system. They discuss this concept in relation to several proposed alternativ

This article introduces a collection of papers that explore two understudied but critical questions of enduring concern for the study of democratization. Was the secret ballot driven by the same forces that drove the rise of democracy more generally? Did the secret ballot end electoral fraud, or was its effect merely endogenous to economic modernization more generally? This article provides histor

What is the relationship between ballot reforms and electoral malpractice? This article contributes to the growing comparative politics literature on the causes of election fraud in democratizing countries using the case of the 19th-century United States. We examine the adoption of the Australian ballot and disenfranchisement laws, and estimate their effects on multiple types of election fraud. Us