According to the so-called Substituted Judgment Standard, a surrogate decision maker, acting on behalf of an incompetent patient, ought to make that health care decision which the patient would have made, had the latter been competent. The most common way of justifying the Substituted Judgment Standard is to maintain that this standard extends patients’ opportunities for self-determination to situ

Why, how, and with what consequences do national governments delegate political authority to supranational institutions? Contrary to the static conceptions of delegation that dominate the existing literature, this article adopts a dynamic approach, where the stages of the delegation process are integrated into a coherent rational institutionalist framework. With demonstrations from the case of the

ATP is released as a cotransmitter together with catecholamines from sympathetic nerves. In the heart ATP has been shown to cause a pronounced positive inotropic effect and may also act in synergy with β-adrenergic agonists to augment cardiomyocyte contractility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inotropic effects mediated by purinergic P2 receptors using isolated mouse cardiomyo

We have previously described a new and simple method for nerve repair in which continuous longitudinal polyglactin sutures alone are used to bridge limited nerve defects in rats. Here we examined whether such sutures could be used to deliver a growth-promoting substance, triiodothyronine (T3), and enhance regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Sutures were pretreated in highly concentrated solutio

In this paper, the IWA anaerobic digestion model No. 1 (ADM1) is applied to two case studies from contract work on industrial treatment plants. The first was the assessment of acid addition for pH decrease and avoidance of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation in a paper mill fed UASB. The simulation work found, with a high degree of confidence, that acid dosing was neither economical for pH con

A summary of a study covering both modelling and control of a drum boiler is presented. A systematic approach to the modelling problem - numerical modelbuilding - is introduced. This technique was applied to the modelling of the drum of the boiler. The dynamics of different order models were compared. The load disturbances were modelled from measurements as a stationary stochastic process with rat

The effects of intravenously infused CGRP on regional blood flows and vascular resistance in the upper respiratory tract, the middle ear, and the inner ear were studied in cats. CGRP caused a pronounced vasodilation and an increase in blood flow of the respiratory mucosa and structures of the middle ear. The substance did not affect the blood flows of the cochlea and the vestibular organ in the in

The aim of the first this work part of the EU-project, Trial I, was to evaluate and possibly improve the CEC image criteria for radiographic chest images. Chest images of healthy volunteers were acquired using different technique factors. The image criteria were used as a tool to discriminate between the different images. The technique factors were chosen so that the image quality would differ sli

This paper presents a novel event detector for implantable devices. The algorithm is based on a signal model which describes an event as a linear combination of basis functions. The linear combination involves two fundamental electrogram waveforms represented at different time scales. An efficient, low-complexity detector is developed using the dyadic wavelet transform with integer filter coeffici

The temporal and vertical distribution of the infection of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis norvegica by the endoparasite Amoebophrya sp. was investigated at a fixed sampling location in the Baltic Sea during 2000 and 2001. Infected hosts were detected by epifluorescence microscopy after DAPI staining. The maximum depth-averaged parasite prevalence was 2.3 % in July 2000 and 1.8 % in August 2001. The

This is the first report of the Twin Mom Study, an investigation. of three hypotheses concerning influences on maternal adjustment. These hypotheses concern the role of the marital and parent-child relationships in mediating genetic influences on maternal adjustment and on the importance of the mothers' marital partners as a specifiable source of influences on their adjustment not shared with thei

Spontaneous speech samples from 10 Swedish children were collected and analyzed grammatically. The subjects consisted of 5 children with SLI and 5 MLU matched controls with normal grammatical development. The children with SLI differed significantly from the controls in their more restricted usage of word order patterns and in number of grammatical errors. As in studies on English-speaking childre

Alpha-1 microglobulin (alpha(1)m), a lipocalin, is an evolutionarily conserved immunomodulatory plasma protein. In all species studied, alpha(1)m is synthesized by hepatocytes and catabolized in the renal proximal tubular cells. alpha(1)m deficiency has not been reported in any species, suggesting that its absence is lethal and indicating an important physiological role for this protein To clarify

The last survey of Icelandic Collembola is that of Olafsson (1991) reporting 77 species and 26 taxa of infraspecific level (forms, varieties and aberrations of which some are good species, others not). The Study of Icelandic soil fauna has intensified over the last decades, mainly in the fields of applied sciences (agriculture, forestry). However, few works report Collembola down to species level

Recent research on life in extreme environments has shown that some microorganisms metabolize at extremely low temperatures in Arctic and Antarctic ice and permafrost. Here, we present kinetic data on CO2 and (CO2)-C-14 release from intact and C-14-glucose amended tundra soils (Barrow, Alaska) incubated for up to a year at 0 to -39 degrees C. The rate of CO2 production declined exponentially with

In contemporary moral philosophy, the standard way of understanding the constituents of the human good is in terms of a fairly limited number of features that contribute to our happiness independently of how they are situated in our lives. Even when this approach is supplemented by Moorean ideas about organic wholes, it still cannot do justice to the deep importance of how things are situated and