The interaction between bacteriophage T4 DNA and cationic gemini surfactants was studied by the use of fluorescence microscopy. Upon addition of surfactant, DNA undergoes a transition from random coil to globule, with an intermediate coexistence region. The state behavior of a DNA-gemini surfactant system was found to depend on spacer length, valency, head group size, and tail length. A series of

In this work, a progress variable approach is used to model diesel spray ignition with detailed chemistry. The flow field and the detailed chemistry are coupled using the flamelet assumption. A flamelet progress variable is transported by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The progress variable source term is obtained from an unsteady flamelet library that is evaluated in each grid cell.

We prove one decomposition theorem of complex Monge-Ampere measures of plurisubharmonic functions in connection with their pluripolar sets.

Reactions of cis-[PtCl(NH3)(CyNH2)(OH2)](+) (Cy = cyclohexyl) with thione-containing single-stranded oligonucleotides d(T8XT8) and d(XT16) (X = I-s6 or U-s4) and the mononucleotides 4-thiouridine ((UMP)-U-s4) and 6-mercaptoinosine ((IMP)-I-s6) have been studied in aqueous solution at pH 4.1. The reaction kinetics was followed using HPLC methodology as a function of ionic strength in the interval 5

Background The yeast Malassezia is considered to be one of the factors that can contribute to atopic dermatitis (AD). Objectives To investigate the reactivity to Malassezia allergens, measured as specific serum IgE, positive skin prick test and positive atopy patch test (APT), in adult patients with AD. Methods In total, 132 adult patients with AD, 14 with seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) and 33 heal

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy, caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, is an autosomal recessive autoimmune disease characterized by the breakdown of tolerance to organ-specific antigens. The 545 amino acid protein encoded by AIRE contains several structural motifs suggestive of a transcriptional regulator and bears similarity to cellular prote

Anaesthesia systems that minimize the use of volatile anaesthetics to reduce cost and pollution are of interest. Closed circuit anaesthesia is the ideal solution, but requires continuous adjustment of fresh gas flow and composition and thus is demanding in routine practice. We describe an alternative system, the Reflector system, which is open in regard to oxygen, nitrogen and N2O, and semiclosed

Over the years, pervaporation has been widely investigated as a technique for separation of liquid mixtures and recovery of organic compounds from diluted solutions. So far, the research has focused on applications in wastewater treatment, in pharmaceutical industry, for removing the products from fermentation broth in bioreactors and for aroma recovery. When it comes to pervaporation of aroma com

We have isolated the DNMT3L gene that is related to the cytosine-5-methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) family. The gene is located on chromosome 21q22.3 between the AIRE and the KIAA0653 genes and spans approximately 16 kb of genomic sequence. The encoded protein of 387 amino acids has a cysteine-rich region containing a novel-type zinc finger domain that is conserved in DNMT3A and DNMT3B but also in ATRX

Isothermal titration calorimetry is increasingly becoming a common tool for the investigation of surfactant association processes. This can be associated with the development of new, sensitive and easy-to-operate commercial equipment, allied with the advantage of producing simultaneous information on the main thermodynamic parameters associated with the process under investigation. However, a sign

During the fertilisation process in plants, pollen tube growth rate may be selected as a trait important in male to male competition. Since female morphology provides the necessary selective arena for such competition. we investigate if sexual selection theory can be used to explain the evolution of pistil length as a female choice mechanism. This choice is performed by direct interference with ma

During ultrafiltration (UF), the driving force along the membrane is diminished due to concentration increase and frictional pressure drop. In most applications of ultrafiltration the influence of the frictional pressure drop is negligible. However, when treating concentrated, viscous liquids the frictional pressure drop can reduce the transmembrane pressure (TMP) significantly. The influence of c

We studied the effects of dominance rank on fat deposition and hoarding behaviour in Willow Tits Parus montanus . Dominant individuals can displace subordinates which gives them priority to new food sources; they can also pilfer stored food from subordinates. This gives subordinates less certain access than dominants both to their own caches and to new food sources. Theory predicts that subordinat

This paper treats implementation of on-line procedures forautomatic performance monitoring. Two on-line detectionprocedures, one that detects oscillations in control loopsand one that detects sluggish control loops, are first summarized.The implementation aspects of these procedures are then discussedand experiences of their use in various industrial products aredemonstrated.

An insight into the latest developments in drug discovery through brief synopses of recent publications, summarizing the chemistry, pharmacological significance and biological relevance of new molecules.

The paper presents a novel method for detecting abrupt changes in mixture viscosities. This problem arises in numerous industrial applications and different solutions are suggested in the literature. An approach of using non-linear filtering for detection-an adaptive filter combined with a change detector-is outlined in this paper. As a case study, we present an ash stabilization batch mixing proc