Breast cancer and melanoma metastasize predominantly via the lymphatic route. It has long been known that invasion into one or a few nodes draining the primary tumour, the sentinel nodes (SN), is the most important, early sign of dissemination. If no malignant cells are detected in the SN, dissemination is unlikely to be expected. For the last 10 years SN biopsy has become an important tool in sta

Abstract in Undetermined Book review: Risk assessment and management in cancer genetics Lallao E, Kerr B, Friedman J, Evans G (eds) . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2005. ISBN 0-19-852960-0

A mixture of natural and semisynthetic (modified) glycosides from Podophyllum emodi (Proresid) has been used for many years in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but its use is hampered by gastrointestinal side effects. Highly purified podophyllotoxin (CPH86) and a preparation containing two semisynthetic podophyllotoxin glycosides (CPH82) are currently being tested in clinical trials. In this

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of patient gender and choice of perfusion tracer on computer-based interpretation of myocardial perfusion images. For the image interpretation, an automated method was used based on image processing and artificial neural network techniques. A total of 1000 patients were studied, all referred to the Royal Brompton Hospital in London for myocardi

To search for occupational risk factors, we conducted a case-control study in nine European countries of cancers of the small intestine, male gall bladder, thymus, bone, male breast, melanoma of the eye, and mycosis fungoides. Recruitment was population based in Denmark, Latvia, France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden, from hospital areas in Spain and Portugal, and from one United Kingdom (UK) hospital

BACKGROUND: Host-related and environment-related factors have been shown to play a role in the development of tuberculosis (TB), but few studies were carried out to identify their respective roles in resource-poor countries. METHODS: A multicentre case-control study was conducted in Guinee, Guinea Bissau, and The Gambia, from January 1999 to March 2001. Cases were newly detected smear positive TB

Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the two 8.4 MDa Rapana thomasiana hemocyanin isoforms, RtH1 and RtH2, have been obtained by cryoelectron microscopy of molecules embedded in vitreous ice and single particle image processing. The final 3D structures of the RtH1 and RtH2 didecamers at 19 angstrom and 16 angstrom resolution, respectively, are very similar to earlier reconstructions of gastro

Laser-induced fluorescence for remote imaging of historical monuments is an established technique, which in this work has been used in measurement campaigns at the Coliseum and the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome, Italy. The results presented here are examples that show that biodeteriogens can be monitored and that. materials can be identified. Also, cleaned and soiled areas on the

Pulmonary embolism (PE) can only be diagnosed with imaging techniques, which in practice is performed using ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy (V/P(SCAN)) or multidetector computed tomography of the pulmonary arteries (MDCT). The epidemiology, natural history, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of PE are briefly reviewed. The primary objective of Part 1 of the Task Group's report was to dev

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a kallikrein-like serine protease mainly expressed in the human prostate. It is responsible for the proteolysis of the gel-forming proteins in human semen. Two major extracellular protease inhibitors, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (AMG) may inactivate PSA escaping from the prostate. The predominant immunodetected form of PSA in serum is

Prematurity is an important cause of perinatal death, and no reliable biochemical/biophysical markers exist to identify newborns with an increased mortality risk. We aimed to use S100B concentrations in urine as an early indicator of risk of neonatal death. We did a cross-sectional study using urine obtained from 165 preterm newborns, of whom I I suffered neonatal death within the first week, 121

The PHENIX experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has measured J/psi production for rapidities -2.2 < y < 2.2 in Au+Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV. The J/psi invariant yield and nuclear modification factor R-AA as a function of centrality, transverse momentum, and rapidity are reported. A suppression of J/psi relative to binary collision scaling of proton-proton reaction

This paper presents an integrated analysis of organic carbon (C) pools in soils and vegetation, within-ecosystem fluxes and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in three 40-year old Norway spruce stands along a north-south climatic gradient in Sweden, measured 2001-2004. A process-orientated ecosystem model (CoupModel), previously parameterised on a regional dataset, was used for the analysis. Pools of so

The titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube surface enables significantly accelerated osteoblast adhesion and exhibits strong bonding with bone. We prepared various sizes (30-100 nm diameter) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes on titanium substrates by anodization and investigated the osteoblast cellular behavior in response to these different nanotube sizes. The unique and striking result of this stud

We studied seasonal variability in photodegradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) resulting from artificial ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and UV-B irradiation. Water samples were taken approximately monthly from the surface layers of two oligotrophic lakes with contrasting humic content, situated in southern Sweden. Lake water was filter-sterilized (0.2 μm) and exposed to artificial UV radiation in qua

Food hoarding and memory have primarily been studied in two bird families, the Corvidae (crows, jays, nutcrackers, etc.) and the Paridae (tits, titmice and chickadees). In both families there are species that hoard large quantities of seeds and nuts in the autumn and depend on these stores during the winter. Caches are concealed or highly inconspicuous and the most efficient way to retrieve them i

Purpose of review In this short review we focus on the problems faced by clinicians caused by the changing definitions of polyarteritis nodosa. Recent findings the term polyarteritis nodosa has been used for more than 100 years as a diagnostic term for patients with systemic vasculitis, however, specific vasculitides have been singled out like branches being chopped off a tree. Now, so little is l