Local impact of roughness topography on heat transfer in turbulent flow over rough surfaces
Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly Laser Powder Bed Fusion, produces surfaces with unique, randomly distributed spherical roughness that significantly influences heat transfer and pressure loss. This study models AM roughness using a statistical distribution of spheres and performs high-fidelity simulations at a bulk Reynolds number of 12,000 to evaluate heat transfer on a rough pipe. Stati
