This article explores assemblages of ground truth datasets for the development of medical artificial intelligence (AI). By drawing from interviews and observations, I examine how AI experts developing medical AI relate to the referential truth basis of their work, their ground truths, as an epistemic concern. By addressing how datasets are assembled from different sources, and produced, augmented

Introduction: Computational sciences have significantly contributed to characterizing airway disease phenotypes, complementing medical expertise. However, comparing studies that derive phenotypes is challenging due to varying decisions made during phenotyping. We conducted a systematic review to describe studies that utilized unsupervised computational approaches for phenotyping obstructive airway

The water resources shortage is considered as the main obstacle for human activities and economical development in the Northwest District of China where most lands are desert or uncultivated soils with arid, cold climate and very limited precipitation. The water supply in the district relies on both river flow and groundwater recharged from snow and glacier melt. However, water resources that were

In the coronavirus pandemic that has swept the world, the Finnish Government, like many of its peers, has issued policy measures to combat the virus. Many of these measures have been implemented in law, including measures taken under the Emergency Powers Act, or by ministries and regional and local authorities exercising their legal powers. However, some governmental policy measures have been impl

This project investigates the empirical realities of shifting norms and practices around young children’s education in urban East Asia. In particular, it examines how parenting strategies are entangled with aspirations for human capital accumulation and upward social mobility, as well as the best interest of the child, and how these notions are reconciled and enacted differently along gender, gene

At least participants of the human rights discourse intuitively tend to think about human dignity when hearing the word ' dignity’, but about national or public security when hearing a reference to ‘security’. Thereby dignity tends to have a positive connotation in human rights circles, while security may primarily be seen as a threat to the full enjoyment of human rights. A closer look into the t

The European Union urgently needs to address and confront four challenges: (i) how to move ahead with the difficult relationship between surveillance and freedom; (ii) how to prioritize the issue of migration at times when the Mediterranean tragedy cries for immediate and effective answers; (iii) how to tackle the challenge of climate change, including through a radical rethink of energy policies;

As the largest river, Yangtze River Basin drains 20% of China’s land surface. The Yangtze River region is so important that it accounts for 40 percent of the nation's industrial output and 35 percent of its agricultural output. The densely populated and highly developed river delta supports China's economic backbone. More than 160,000 enterprises are based along the middle and lower River reaches

We report a two-dimensional pump-control-probe spectroscopic study of the dynamics of singly excited He Rydberg-state wave packets with a seeded extreme ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser (FEL) source. A pair of coherent XUV pulses, defined by their coarse time separation and relative phase, created and manipulated the wave packets. The He atoms were postionized by infrared (IR) pulses, and the

The book is a comparative study in the status of international human rights norms in the domestic law of all the Nordic countries and the three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. An amazingly rapid development towards direct applicability of international human rights treaties has taken place in recent years in all the countries in question. This book provides in-depth analysis of the s

Drought is a multifaceted phenomenon driven by both natural climate fluctuations and human activities. Unlike traditional, slow-developing droughts, flash droughts (FDs) emerge suddenly and intensify rapidly, posing significant challenges for natural resource management. The lack of effective tools to quantify FDs exacerbates stakeholders' concerns, particularly due to the risks they pose to water

This unique book examines the role and impact of human rights norms in international courts other than human rights courts. It covers a whole range of courts and jurisdictions, looking at the practice of prominent international courts, such as the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, as well as various fora of economic adjudication, including the World Trade Organis

Nanoscale systems coupled to superconducting circuits offer a platform to study a variety of research questions ranging from more fundamental investigations on the quantum nature of light interacting with matter to more application-oriented ones such as quantum computing and communication. These hybrid systems have thus gained a great deal of attention in the community in the recent years and have

Despite the traditionally generous family policies in Scandinavian welfare states, few new initiatives have been introduced to alleviate the pressures of paid and unpaid work over the past decades. This 'double burden' of paid and unpaid work, particularly impacting women, can impact economic, demographic, and social outcomes. It becomes heavier as societies are faced by an ageing population. More