The National Cancer Institute's Radiation Research Program, in collaboration with the Radiosurgery Society, hosted a workshop called Understanding High-Dose, Ultra-High Dose Rate and Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy on August 20 and 21, 2018 to bring together experts in experimental and clinical experience in these and related fields. Critically, the overall aims were to understand the biologic

Purpose: Ultra-high-dose-rate FLASH radiation therapy has been shown to minimize side effects of irradiation in various organs while keeping antitumor efficacy. This property, called the FLASH effect, has caused enthusiasm in the radiation oncology community because it opens opportunities for safe dose escalation and improved radiation therapy outcome. Here, we investigated the impact of ultra-hig

Purpose: Recent data have shown that single-fraction irradiation delivered to the whole brain in less than tenths of a second using FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT), does not elicit neurocognitive deficits in mice. This observation has important clinical implications for the management of invasive and treatment-resistant brain tumors that involves relatively large irradiation volumes with high cytoto

When relativistic electrons are used to irradiate tissues, such as during FLASH pre-clinical irradiations, the electron beam energy is one of the critical parameters that determine the dose distribution. Moreover, during such irradiations, linear accelerators (linacs) usually operate with significant beam loading, where a small change in the accelerator output current can lead to beam energy reduc

Research efforts in FLASH radiotherapy have increased at an accelerated pace recently. FLASH radiotherapy involves ultra-high dose rates and has shown to reduce toxicity to normal tissue while maintaining tumor response in pre-clinical studies when compared to conventional dose rate radiotherapy. The goal of this review is to summarize the studies performed to-date with proton, electron, and heavy

Purpose: Preclinical studies using ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) irradiation have demonstrated reduced normal tissue toxicity compared with conventional dose rate (CONV) irradiation, although this finding is not universal. We investigated the effect of temporal pulse structure and average dose rate of FLASH compared with CONV irradiation on acute intestinal toxicity. Materials and Methods: Whole ab

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S): Studies of electron FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) in companion animals are being conducted at several institutions. High energy electron beams are generally suitable for treatment of superficial cancers, but of limited use for deep-seated tumors. In this case report, the feasibility of intracavitary electron FLASH-RT is demonstrated.MATERIALS/METHODS: A canine cancer patient

Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive malignacy arising from the biliary tree. Anatomical subtypes ofcholangiocarcinoma differs in tumor biology and clinical management. Distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA)originates from the common bile duct. Radical resection is the only curative treatment, for dCCA it entails apancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). Other periampullary cancers treated with pancrea

In this work, online spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was applied to study the soot inception and growth zones of a low pressure premixed ethylene/oxygen flame. Firstly, we measured online Raman spectrum of aerosol soot extracted from the flame. The spectrum was compared to ex situ Raman measurements of the same soot after being deposited on a window. In the aerosol soot particles, the presence of a

We examined the minimum extent of dependency of UK patient organisations on pharmaceutical industry funding using drug company disclosure reports and patient organisation financial accounts from 2012 to 2016. We used linear regression to explain the overall share of industry funding (‘general dependency’) and top donor funding (‘company-specific dependency’) in organisations’ income. Predictors in

Climate change has led to an increase in heavy summer rainfalls, and climate projections for Sweden indicate that there will be more sudden rainfall in the future. While the exact locations and time for this rainfall are unknown, it is known that there will be damages to buildings, cars, and people when the rainfall occurs. It is thus important to evaluate past events to understand the resulting fClimate change has led to an increase in heavy summer rainfalls, and climate projections for Sweden indicate that there will be more sudden rainfall in the future. While the exact locations and time for this rainfall are unknown, it is known that there will be damages to buildings, cars, and people when the rainfall occurs. It is thus important to evaluate past events to understand the resulting f

Wetlands are integral components of our natural environment since they provide many critical ecosystem services to humanity, such as water purification, climate change mitigation, flood control, and biodiversity. Although wetlands can convey resilience to some degree of changes, they might be vulnerable to climate change. Altered hydrology and rising temperatures can turn the wetland services into

The semiconductor technology has enabled the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs), which may include billions of transistors and can contain all necessary electronic circuitry for a complete system, so-called System-on-Chip (SOC). In order to handle design complexity and to meet short time-to-market requirements, it is increasingly common to make use of a modular design approach where an SOC i

We develop an LM test for Granger causality in high-dimensional (HD) vector autoregressive (VAR) models based on penalized least squares estimations. To obtain a test retaining the appropriate size after the variable selection done by the lasso, we propose a post-double-selection procedure to partial out effects of nuisance variables and establish its uniform asymptotic validity. We conduct an ext

Frontal cortex activity is reduced in the left hemisphere during depression. Transcranial direct current stimulation is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that can increase frontal cortex activity. Therapy based on transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and positive psychology therapy was applied for improving patients' quality of life. The present study compared three conditions of subjects

Data from experiments on the phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words show moderate dependence between recognition and recall. TECO, a connectionist theory, is proposed to account for the phenomenon. Cued recall is assumed to be cued with the cue word and the event. Recognition is assumed to be cued with the event and the copy cue. Moderate dependence is predicted because recall and r

The Tulving-Wiseman law is an empirical law that describes the relation between successive tests of recognition and recall of the same set of individual subject-items. It relates the probability of recognising the recallable items to the probability of recognising all the items, regardless of whether they are recalled. The relation represents a moderate degree of dependency between the tests. Two