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We discuss the phase behavior and in particular crystallization of a model globular protein (beta-lactoglobulin) in solution in the presence of multivalent electrolytes. It has been shown previously that negatively charged globular proteins at neutral pH in the presence of multivalent counterions undergo a "re-entrant condensation (RC)" phase behavior (Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 101, 14
During protein crystallization and purification, proteins are commonly found in concentrated salt solutions. The exact interplay of the hydration shell, the salt ions, and protein-protein interactions under these conditions is far from being understood on a fundamental level, despite the obvious practical relevance. We have studied a model globular protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) in concentrat
Tuning of protein surface charge is a fundamental mechanism in biological systems. Protein charge is regulated in a physiological context by pH and interaction with counterions. We report on charge inversion and the related reentrant condensation in solutions of globular proteins with different multivalent metal cations. In particular, we focus on the changes in phase behavior and charge regulatio
Macromolecular crowding in biological media is an essential factor for cellular function. The interplay of intermolecular interactions at multiple time and length scales governs a fine-tuned system of reaction and transport processes, including particularly protein diffusion as a limiting or driving factor. Using quasielastic neutron backscattering, we probe the protein self-diffusion in crowded a
We report on a combined cold neutron backscattering and spin-echo study of the short-range and long-range nanosecond diffusion of the model globular protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) in aqueous solution as a function of protein concentration and NaCl salt concentration. Complementary small angle X-ray scattering data are used to obtain information on the correlations of the proteins in solution.
Using both quasi-elastic and fixed-window neutron spectroscopy, we study the dynamics of highly concentrated aqueous protein solutions of bovine serum albumin around the denaturing transition. For the temperature range 280 K < T < 370 K, the total mean-squared displacement 〈u 2〉 is recorded. Below and above the denaturing, we observe that 〈u 2〉 increases monotonically with T, but at the denaturing
We demonstrate that a metastable liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in protein aqueous solutions can be induced by multivalent metal ions at room temperature. We determine the salt and protein partitioning in the two coexisting phases. The structure factor obtained by small angle X-ray scattering provides direct evidence for a short-ranged attraction, which leads to the metastability of the LLP
We report on a joint experimental-theoretical study of collective diffusion in, and static shear viscosity of solutions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) proteins, focusing on the dependence on protein and salt concentration. Data obtained from dynamic light scattering and rheometric measurements are compared to theoretical calculations based on an analytically treatable spheroid model of BSA with iso
The effect of a nonspherical particle shape on the dynamics in crowded solutions presents a significant challenge for a comprehensive understanding of interaction and structural relaxation in biological and soft matter. We report that small deviations from a spherical shape induce a nonmonotonic contribution to the crowding effect on the short-time cage diffusion compared with spherical systems, u
In this work, the effects of the two anions Cl– and NO3– on the phase behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in solution with trivalent salts are compared systematically. In the presence of trivalent metal salts, negatively charged proteins such as BSA in solution undergo a reentrant condensation (RC) phase behavior, which has been established for several proteins with chlorides of trivalent salts
An ethnomethodological point of departure is that people rely on shared knowledge when mutually accomplishing everyday situations. Whereas most residents in a nursing home have a reasonable previous knowledge of events such as bingo or Christmas dinners, other activities such as pub evenings and spa activities are unfamiliar. Using ethnographic data from a Swedish nursing home with a
Kigali city, the capital of Rwanda, relies on decentralized, on-site, wastewater systems due to the absence of central sewerage systems and the limited finances to construct sustainable sanitation infrastructures. However, the city has increasingly shown failures in managing these on-site systems either at individual or collective levels. This study aims at assessing the sustainability of the oper
The length of the menstrual cycle was compared in women with breast cancer, women with benign breast disease, and controls. Older women in general tended to report shorter menstrual cycles (P < 0.05). After correction for the age difference, breast cancer patients still reported a shorter average menstrual cycle length than benign breast disease patients and controls (P < 0.006). Very short cycles
The case is reported of a 48‐year‐old man who, 26 years after treatment for a hypophyseal tumor and 11 years after the onset of bilateral gynecomastia, developed cancer of the left breast. Ten years after the first breast cancer operation a new cancer developed in his right breast. Hormonal investigation at the time of the second breast cancer operation revealed a low S‐FSH and a relative estrogen
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding process where metals are joined without melting. Heat is generated by friction between a rotating non-consumable tool and the work-piece material, and by mechanical deformation of the material. The process, invented in 1991, provides several benefits over arc welding and other fusion processes: No filler material has to be added, low energy cons
118 samples obtained by means of fine‐needle aspiration from 86 cases of non‐Hodgkin, non‐Burkitt lymphomas have been investigated cytogenetically with chromosome banding technique. If>5 times 106 cells were obtained at aspiration the success rate with the technique used was almost 70%, while if the number of cells was lower it was only about 15%. Technical aspects, and detailed cytogenetic findin
In thirty-one premenopausal patients with carcinoma of the breast the plasma prolactin was measured after mastectomy. A highly significant correlation between tumour size and plasma prolactin levels (p<0.002) was observed after adjustment for age at diagnosis and parity. At the time of the prolactin determination no clinical signs of metastatic disease were evident, suggesting that the prolactinc
Whilst the concept of jus cogens has grown increasingly more important in public international law, lawyers remain hugely divided both over what precisely confers a jus cogens status on a norm, and what this conferral implies in terms of legal consequences. In this ground-breaking book, Ulf Linderfalk clearly and succinctly explores the reasons for this divide in order to facilitate more rational
