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In this article we test current knowledge of policy implementation in multi-level governance systems and focus on the case of transport biofuels. The EU biofuel directive is a highly debated case with a disappointing implementation record. We probe a set of implementation hypotheses in a qualitative comparative analysis, offering a systematic comparison of ten member states between 2003 and 2006.
Although deep brain electrical stimulation can alleviate the motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), just a small fraction of patients with PD can take advantage of this procedure due to its invasive nature. A significantly less invasive method-epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS)-has been suggested as an alternative approach for symptomatic treatment of PD. However, the mechanisms underlying
Alcohol-related falls are recognized as a major contributor to the occurrence of traumatic brain injury. The control of upright standing balance is complex and composes of contributions from several partly independent mechanisms such as appropriate information from multiple sensory systems and correct feedback and feed forward movement control. Analysis of multisegmented body movement offers a rar
The survival rates of infants born preterm with extremely low birth weight (ELBW a parts per thousand currency sign 1000 g) have gradually improved over the last decades. However, these infants risk to sustain long-term disorders related to poor neurodevelopment. The objective was to determine whether adolescents born with ELBW have decreased postural control and stability adaptation. Twenty-nine
In the present study, natural and anthropogenic sources of particulate organic carbon (OCp) and elemental carbon (EC) have been quantified based on weekly filter samples of PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter < 10 mu m) collected at four Nordic rural background sites [Birkenes (Norway), Hyytiala (Finland), Vavihill (Sweden), Lille Valby, (Denmark)] during late summer (5 August-2 September 20
Objectives: To describe change in functional ability in the oldest-old population during 3 years and examine its relation to life satisfaction (LS). A total of 681 individuals aged 78 and older from the population-based study Good Aging in Skane took part. Methods: Functional ability was assessed using Sonn and Asberg's Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale and related to LS assessed by Neugarten
Hypothermia has been reported to reduce infarct size (IS) in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We aimed to confirm the cardioprotective effects of hypothermia using a combination of cold saline and endovascular cooling.
Migration is an important event in the life history of many animals, but there is considerable variation within populations in the timing and final destination. Such differential migration at the population level can be strongly determined by individuals showing different consistencies in migratory traits. By tagging individual cyprinid fish with uniquely coded electronic tags, and recording their
A midlatitude hail storm was simulated using a new version of the spectral bin microphysics Hebrew University Cloud Model (HUCM) with a detailed description of time-dependent melting and freezing. In addition to size distributions of drops, plate-, columnar-, and branch-type ice crystals, snow, graupel, and hail, new distributions for freezing drops as well as for liquid water mass within precipit
Background: We studied the association between mammographic calcifications and local recurrence in the ipsilateral breast. Methods: Case-cohort study within a randomised trial of radiotherapy in breast conservation for ductal cancer in situ of the breast (SweDCIS). We studied mammograms from cases with an ipsilateral breast event (IBE) and from a subcohort randomly sampled at baseline. Lesions wer
Pre-adsorbed branched brush layers were formed on silica surfaces by adsorption of a diblock copolymer consisting of a linear cationic block and an uncharged bottle-brush block. The charge of the silica surface was found to affect the adsorption, with lower amounts of the cationic polyelectrolyte depositing on less charged silica. Cleaning under basic conditions rendered surfaces more negatively c
Genetically diverse infections are common but little is known about what effects coinfecting strains have on each other in natural host-parasite systems. To explore the nature and consequences of interactions in the wild, we studied the tick-transmitted bacterium Borrelia afzelii in one of its main reservoir hosts, the bank vole Myodes glareolus. We measured overall infection intensity with quanti
A major challenge in evolutionary biology is understanding how stochastic and deterministic factors interact and influence macroevolutionary dynamics in natural populations. One classical approach is to record frequency changes of heritable and visible genetic polymorphisms over multiple generations. Here, we combined this approach with a maximum likelihood-based population-genetic model with the
This paper demonstrates how occurrence, transport and fate of pharmaceuticals at trace levels can be assessed when modelling wastewater treatment systems using two case studies. Firstly, two approaches based on: 1) phenomenology; and, 2) Markov Chains, are developed to describe the dynamics of pharmaceuticals with or without clear administration patterns. Additional simulations also show that sewe
In this paper we classify those three-dimensional Riemannian Lie groups which admit harmonic morphisms to surfaces.
A composite material in the LiH-LiF-MgB2 system has been synthesized by high-energy ball milling. Some peaks in addition to that of the binary 2LiH-MgB2 and 2LiF-MgB2 systems are observed for the composite material by high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HP-DSC), indicating the formation of intermediate phases. In situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) performed a
Monoamine theories associate depression with reduced brain monoamine levels. These theories achieved broad popularity in the mid-1960s. The present article reviews the historical development of monoamine theories and their subsequent impact on biomedical research. Alleged divisions between West European and U.S. researchers over competing versions of the theories are investigated using bibliometri
The origin of modern fruits brought to microbial communities an abundant source of rich food based on simple sugars. Yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae, usually become the predominant group in these niches. One of the most prominent and unique features and likely a winning trait of these yeasts is their ability to rapidly convert sugars to ethanol at both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
