Many viruses previously have been shown to have pressurized genomes inside their viral protein shell, termed the capsid. This pressure results from the tight confinement of negatively charged viral nucleic acids inside the capsid. However, the relevance of capsid pressure to viral infection has not been demonstrated. In this work, we show that the internal DNA pressure of tens of atmospheres insid

This Letter describes the observation of the light-by-light scattering process, γγ→γγ, in Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV. The analysis is conducted using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.73 nb^{-1}, collected in November 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Light-by-light scattering candidates are selected in events with two photons produced exclusively,

Diurnal raptors (birds of the orders Accipitriformes and Falconiformes), renowned for their extraordinarily sharp eyesight, have fascinated humans for centuries. The high visual acuity in some raptor species is possible due to their large eyes, both in relative and absolute terms, and a high density of cone photoreceptors. Some large raptors, such as wedge-tailed eagles and the Old World vultures,

Increased levels of the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) are associated with higher risk of kidney disease progression and cardiovascular events, but underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we conduct trans-ethnic (n = 564,257) and European-ancestry specific meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies of UACR, including ancestry- and diabetes-specific analyses, and

Two Lactobacillus strains have proven anti-inflammatory properties by reducing pro-inflammatory responses to antigens. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial tested the hypothesis that L. plantarum HEAL9 and L. paracasei 8700:2 suppress ongoing celiac disease autoimmunity in genetically at risk children on a gluten-containing diet in a longitudinally screening study for celiac disea

Objective: Survival in cervical cancer has improved little over the last decades. We aimed to elucidate primary treatment patterns and survival. Methods: Population-based study of patients included in the Swedish Quality Registry for Gynecologic Cancer diagnosed 2011–2015. Main outcome was 5-year relative survival (RS). Age-standardised RS (AS-RS) was estimated for the total cohort and for the poo

The production of charm jets in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s=7 TeV was measured with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurement is based on a data sample corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 6.23 nb−1, collected using a minimum-bias trigger. Charm jets are identified by the presence of a D0 meson among their constituents. The D0 m

Klimatkrisen framstår mer och mer som det största hot människan någonsin ställts inför. Även om det politiska svaret kan beskrivas som avvaktande, pågår arbete för att på olika sätt minska klimatförändringarnas effekter, och hantera de risker vi kommer att ställas inför. Världssamfundet är enigt. Den globala medeltemperaturen bör inte öka med mer än 2 grader, och helst inte mer än 1,5 grader, jämfClimate change is a growing threat to mankind. The message from the scientific community is clear: we need to act fast and profoundly. The political response has, however, been slow. The likelihood that we will be able to meet our political climate goals only by reducing emissions is slim. Meanwhile is the interest around ways to capture carbon dioxide that has already been emitted on the rise. In

There is a growing appreciation of the need and urgency to study and document mobility and energetics among extant hunter-gatherers. An increasing number of studies investigate the spatial and biophysical properties of hunter-gatherer movement, in order to gain a deeper understanding of such things as human energy expenditure and efficiency in human foraging behavior. So far, however, this researc

Construction of a genetic linkage map of the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, establishes the rat as a genetic model. Allele sizes were reported for 432 simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) genotyped in 12 different substrains belonging to nine different inbred strains of rats. However, these nine strains represent only a fraction of the more than 140 inbred strains available. If allele

We have used a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol to examine the expression of cytokines in the pancreases and islets of patients with type I diabetes. We detect a significant increase in the level of expression of interferon (IFN)-α in the pancreases of the diabetic patients as compared with the control pancreases. In contrast, IFN-β was detected at comparable level

The spontaneously diabetic BB rat is an excellent and well studied model for human insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), sharing many important features with the human disease. Similarities include an equal frequency of IDDM in males and females, production of antibodies against pancreatic cell antigens, and an MHC disease association. In addition, the BB rat shares with human IDDM patients an increa

Glutamate decarboxylase autoantibodies (GAD65Ab) and β-cell function were evaluated at and 3 years after diabetes onset in consecutive subjects over 15 years of age. At onset, 21 32 (66%) insulin-treated patients (mean age 43, range 16-79 years) had GAD65Ab; all GAD65Ab persisted 3 years later. At onset, 20 82 (24%) non-insulin-treated patients (mean age 56, range 20-79 years) had GAD65Ab. Of thos

The mechanisms by which the beta cells of pancreatic islets are destroyed in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are poorly understood. In this report the pancreatic histo- and immunopathology of two children, both HLA-DR 3/4, DQ 2/8 positive and who both died from cerebral oedema within a day of clinical diagnosis of IDDM, were investigated. Patient 1, a 14-month-old girl, had a 4-week his

The two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), GAD67 and GAD65, synthesize the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid in neurons and pancreatic β-cells. Previous studies suggest that GAD67 is a soluble cytosolic protein, whereas GAD65 is membrane-associated. Here we study the intracellular distribution of GAD67 in neurons, pancreatic β-cells, and fibroblasts transfected either with GAD65 and

Most autoimmune diabetes occurs in those without a diabetic relative, but few cases are identifiable prospectively. To model general population prediction, 491 consecutive newly diabetic children from all of Sweden were tested for autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65ab), insulin (IAA), and islet cells (ICA), and for HLA-DQ genotypes by PCR; 415 matched control children were tested in p

A perfusion system for fluorescence microscopy that utilized a flow injection system was developed and used to study cell surface antibody binding on viable cells grown in monolayer cultures on coverslips. A polyclonal cell‐specific antiserum used to probe the cell surface was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence. The flow injection system was completely automatic and allowed controlled perfus